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AP Psychology > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.

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2
Q

Bystander Effect

A

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if any other bystanders are present.

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3
Q

Group Polarization

A

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

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4
Q

Attribution Theory

A

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

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5
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

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6
Q

Attitude

A

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

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7
Q

Peripheral Route Persuasion

A

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

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8
Q

Central Route Persuasion

A

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

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9
Q

Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

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10
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

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11
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

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12
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

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13
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

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14
Q

Social Facilitation

A

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

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15
Q

Groupthink

A

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

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16
Q

Culture

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

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17
Q

Norm

A

An understood rule for accepted behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

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18
Q

Scapegoat Theory

A

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

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19
Q

Ingroup

A

“Us”-people with whom we share a common identity.

20
Q

Outgroup

A

“Them”-those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

21
Q

Ingroup Bias

A

The tendency to favor our own group.

22
Q

Prejudice

A

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

23
Q

Stereotype

A

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

24
Q

Discrimination

A

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

25
Q

Other-race Effect

A

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.

26
Q

Aggression

A

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

27
Q

Frustration-aggression Principle

A

The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression.

28
Q

Social Script

A

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

29
Q

Passionate love

A

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

30
Q

Companionate love

A

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

31
Q

Equity

A

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

32
Q

Self-disclosure

A

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

33
Q

Altruism

A

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

34
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

35
Q

Reciprocity Norm

A

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

36
Q

Social-responsibility Norm

A

An expectation that people will help those needing their help.

37
Q

Conflict

A

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

38
Q

Social Trap

A

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interests rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

39
Q

Mirror-image Perceptions

A

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

40
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

41
Q

Superordinate Goals

A

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

42
Q

GRIT

A

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction-a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

43
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

44
Q

Social Loafing

A

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

45
Q

Deindividuation

A

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in a group that foster arousal and anonymity.

46
Q

Just-world Phenomenon

A

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

47
Q

Obedience

A

Listening to the commands of someone who is seen as important or influential.

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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