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Psychology and Sociology Review > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is self concept or self identity?

A

The sum of an individual’s knowledge and understanding of themself

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2
Q

What is self-consciousness?

A

The awareness of one’s self

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3
Q

What are self-schemas?

A

How an individual defines themself

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4
Q

What is self-verification?

A

The theory that individuals want to be understood in terms of their deeply held core beliefs

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5
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

The belief of one’s own competence and effectiveness

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6
Q

What are internal and external locus of control

A

Internal Locus of Control: The belief that you are able ti influence outcomes through your own efforts and actions
External Locus of Control: The perception that outcomes are the result of outside forces

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7
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

One’s overall self-evaluation of one’s self worth

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8
Q

What is the looking-glass self?

A
  • A person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and the perception of others
  • People shape their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them
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9
Q

What is social behaviourism?

A

The mind and the self emerge through a process of communicating with others

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10
Q

Who developed social behaviourism?

A

George Herbert Mead

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11
Q

What is the generalized other?

A

The common behavioural expectations of general society

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12
Q

What is socialisation?

A

The process through which people learn to be proficient and functional members of society

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13
Q

What are sanctions?

A

Rewards and punishments for behaviours that are in accord with or against norms

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14
Q

What are formal and informal norms?

A

Formal: Generally are written down (e.g., Laws)
Informal: Generally understood but are less precise and typically carry no punishment for breaking them

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15
Q

What are Mores?

A

Norms that are highly important for the benefit of society and often strictly enforced

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16
Q

What are folkways?

A

Norms that are less important but shape everyday behaviour

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17
Q

What is anomie?

A

A concept that describes the social conditions in which individuals are not provided with firm guidelines in relation to norms and values and there is minimal moral guidance or social ethics

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18
Q

Why is non-normative behaviour viewed as incorrect?

A

It challenges the shared values and institutions, thus threatening social structure and cohesion

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19
Q

What is Edwin Sutherland’s Differential Association?

A
  • Deviance is a learned behaviour
  • The source of exposure is an individuals closest personal groups (whether formal or informal)
  • Individuals become deviant when their contacts with favourable attitudes toward deviance outweigh their contacts with unfavourable attitudes
  • Criticism: individuals are reduced to their environments
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20
Q

What is Howard Becker’s Labelling theory?

A
  • Deviance is the result of society’s response to a person rather than something inherent in the person’s actions
  • Views deviance as contextual
  • Criticism: The use of negative labels can have serious consequences, both for our perception of the deviant person and the person’s self-perception
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21
Q

What is Robert Merton’s Structural Strain Theory?

A
  • Deviance is the result of experienced strain, either individual or structural
  • Views anomie as the state in which there is a mismatch between the common social goals and the structural or institutionalised means of obtaining these goals
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22
Q

What are the four main forms of collective behaviour by Herbert Blumer?

A
  1. Crowds: A group that shares a purpose
  2. Publics: A group of individuals discussing a single issue
  3. Masses: A group whose formation is promoted through the efforts of mass media
  4. Social Movements: Collective behaviour with the intention of promoting change
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23
Q

What are the three characteristics of a fad or craze?

A
  1. A rapid and dramatic incline in reputation
  2. Remains popular among a large population for a brief period
  3. Experiences a rapid and dramatic decline in reputation
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24
Q

What are trends?

A
  • Longer lived than fads and often lead to social changes
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25
Q

What is mass hysteria?

A

A diagnostic label that refers to the collective delusion of some threat that spreads through emotions and escalates until it spirals out of control. It is the result of public reactions to stressful situations

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26
Q

What is moral panic?

A

A specific form of panic as a result of perceived threat to social order

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27
Q

What are the agents of socialisation?

A
  1. Family
  2. School
  3. Peer Group
  4. Workplace
  5. Religion/Government
  6. Mass Media/Technology
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28
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The process in which an individual forsakes aspects of their own cultural traditions to adopt those of a different culture

29
Q

What is amalgamation?

A

When the majority and minority groups combine to form a new group

30
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

A perspective that endorses equal standing of all cultural traditions

31
Q

What is a subculture?

A

A segment of society that shares a distinct pattern of traditions and values that differ from that of a larger society

32
Q

What is the first level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

A

LEVEL 1: Pre-conventional level of moral reasoning: morality judged by direct consequences to the self (typical of children)
Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation
Stage 2: Self interest orientation

33
Q

What is the second level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

A

LEVEL 2: Conventional level of moral reasoning: morality judged by comparing actions to society’s views and expectations (Typical of adolescents and adults)
Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity
Stage 4: Authority and social-order maintaining orientation

34
Q

What is the third level of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

A

LEVEL 3: Post-conventional level of moral reasoning: judged by internal ethical guidelines; rules viewed as useful but malleable guidelines (most people never reach this abstract level of moral reasoning)
Stage 5: Social contract orientation
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles

35
Q

What is attribution theory?

A
  • Attempts to explain how individuals view behaviour
  • Given a set of circumstances, individuals attribute behaviour to internal (dispositional attribution) or external causes (situational attribution)
36
Q

What factors determine whether we attribute behaviour to internal or external causes?

A
  1. Consistency: Is the behaviour consistent with how the person usually acts?
  2. Distinctiveness: Is the behaviour towards everyone or just one person?
  3. Are more people behaving the same way?
37
Q

What is Fundamental Attribution Effor?

A

People tend to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of the person’s character or personality

38
Q

What is the actor-observer bias?

A

The tendency to blame our own actions on the situation and blame the actions of others in their personalities

39
Q

What is the self-serving bias?

A

The tendency to attribute successes to ourselves and our failures to others or the external environment

40
Q

What is the optimism bias?

A

The belief that bad things happen to other people but not to us

41
Q

What is the just-world phenomenon?

A

A tendency to believe the world is fair and people get what they deserve

42
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

The tendency to believe that an event was predictable after it has already occured

43
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

A tendency to believe that people have inherently good or bad natures rather than looking at individual characteristics

44
Q

What is the physical attractiveness stereotype?

A

People tend to rate attractive individuals more favourably for personality traits and characteristics than they do for those who are less attractive

45
Q

What is social perception?

A
  • The understanding of others in our social world
  • The initial information we process about other people in order to try to understand their mindsets and intentions
46
Q

What is social cognition?

A

The ability of the brain to store and process information regarding social perception

47
Q

What is a false consensus?

A

When we assume that everyone else agrees with what we do even though they may not

48
Q

What is a projection bias?

A

When we assume others have the same beliefs we do

49
Q

What is an illusory Correlation?

A

The tendency to perceive a relationship of covariation between infrequent behaviours or traits and infrequent classes of people where none exists.

50
Q

What is stereotype threat?

A

A self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

51
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

The tendency to just people from another culture by the standard of one’s own culture

52
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Judging another culture based on its own standards

53
Q

What are the characteristics Max Weber outlined for a bureaucracy?

A
  1. Covers a fixed area of activity
  2. It is hierarchically organised
  3. Workers have expert training in an area of specialty
  4. Organisational rank is impersonal, and advancement depends on technical qualification rather than favouritism
  5. Workers follow set procedures to increase predictability and efficiency
54
Q

What is McDonaldization?

A

the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant — efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control — come to dominate more

55
Q

What is the Iron Law of Oligarchy?

A

all forms of organization, regardless of how democratic they may be at the start, will eventually and inevitably develop oligarchic tendencies, thus making true democracy practically and theoretically impossible, especially in large groups and complex organizations

56
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

When situations provide a high degree of arousal and a very low sense of responsibility, people may act in surprising ways. People may lose their sense of restraint or their individual identity in exchange for identifying with a group or mob mentality

57
Q

What is social loafing?

A

A tendency for people to exert less effort if they are being evaluated as a group than if they are individually accountable

58
Q

What is group polarization?

A
  • Groups tend to intensify preexisting views of their members - that is, the average view of a member of the group is accentuated.
  • The entire group tends toward more extreme versions of the average views they initially shared before discussion
59
Q

Why does group polarization occur?

A

Informational influence: The most common ideas to emerge are the ones that favour the dominant viewpoint
Normative influence: Wanting to be accepted or admired by others

60
Q

What are three ways behaviour might be motivated by social influences?

A
  1. Compliance
  2. Identification
  3. Internalization
61
Q

What is normative social influence?

A

When the motivation for compliance is desire fo the approval of others and to avoid rejection

62
Q

What is informational social influence?

A

The process of complying because we want to do the right thing and we feel like others “know something i dont know”

63
Q

What factors influence conformity?

A
  1. Group size
  2. Unanimity
  3. Cohesion
  4. Status
  5. Accountability
  6. No prior commitment
64
Q

What are the three types of organizations?

A
  1. Utilitarian Organisations: Members get paid for their efforts
  2. Normative Organisations: Members are motivated based on morally relevant goals
  3. Coercive Organisations: Members do not have a choice in joining (e.g. prisons)
65
Q

What is the dramaturgical perspective?

A

Stems from symbolic interactionism and posits that we imagine ourselves playing certain roles when interacting with others
Front of stage: We play a role and use impression management to craft the way we come across to others
Back of stage: We can “let our guard down”

66
Q

What is the frustration aggression principle?

A

The idea that when someone is blocked from achieving a goal, this frustration can lead to aggression,

67
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

The number of offspring the organism has, how it supports its offspring and how its offspring supports others on a group

68
Q

What is the elaboration likelihood model?

A

According to the elaboration likelihood model, when a persuader presents information to an audience, some level of elaboration results. This elaboration refers to the amount of effort that any audience member of a message has to use to process and evaluate a message, remember it, and subsequently accept or reject it

Psychology and Sociology Review (3 decks)

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