Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC212 > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Definition for Psychology

A

is the scientific study of the human mind (and its influence on behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Definition of Social Psychology

A

the scientific study of how we feel about, think about ad behave toward the people around us and how our feelings, thought and behaviour are influenced by those people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Definition of Schema

A

the representative of the knowledge about a concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Definition of social categorisation

A

cognitive process by which individuals group people into distinct categories based on shared characteristics, such as gender, age, race, occupation, or social class.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Definition of central traits

A

concepts that have a disproportionate influence of the impressions of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Kelly study about central traits findings

A

the words warm and cold order affects the meaning of the words that follow after

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Salience

A

It is the degree to which something is perceived as being noticeable, prominent, or relevant compared to other stimuli in the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Salience

A

refers to the relative significance or noticeable quality of a stimulus. They stand out from the background and are more likely to grab our attention and influence our cognitive processes and behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Priming

A

when exposure to a stimulus makes a subsequent mental process more likely or efficient. exposure to one stimulus, known as the prime, influences the processing or interpretation of a subsequent stimulus or behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Accessibility

A

the ease with which a schema comes to mind (e.g racists are more likely to use racial terms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Brugger and Brugger (1993) found what

A

people intemperate the bunny dick illusion as a bunny around easter time as they are inclined to think that way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Wyer and Scrull (1979)

A

found that Donald was more negatively judged when he is hostile-primed rather than neutral-primed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples of neutral-prime

A

her found knew I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Example of hostile primes

A

leg break arm his

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Kuleshow effect

A

different expressions when provided with different priming stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pros and cons of schema use

A

interpretation
information search and cognitive stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

interpretation of schema

A

actively fill the gaps of our experience and memory - which is only good if right schema is being used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The hostile media phenomenon (lord, ross and lepper 1985

A

schema driven effect, protectives seen as bias when they are not agreed with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

information search related to schema

A

it can direct the way you look for information, direct you to certain types of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

examples of different information search questions

A

extraverted questions
introverted questions
neutral questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

two issues with information searching

A

confirmation bias - seek information that confirms what you already have
the self-fulfilling prophecy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the self-fulfilling prophesy (Snyder & Swann, 1978) found what

A

The findings of the study revealed that participants who believed the target was intellectually bright acted more positively towards them, providing them with more opportunities to speak, showing more attentive behavior, and generally eliciting more intelligent responses from the target. Conversely, participants who believed the target was intellectually dull displayed less positive behavior, providing fewer opportunities to speak and evoking less intelligent responses from the targe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cognitive stability in relation to schema
(Ross, Lepper and Hubbard, 1975) found what

A

they found when your insensitive you search for schema that is insensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why are schemas self sustaining

A

because they guide and bias how we acquire and remember information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Heide’s Naive Psychology

A

people are driven to determine the causes of others behaviour to predict and control their environment
people act as tho they were amateur scientists, gathering information and testing their personal theories of cause and effect
two kinds of attributions internal - external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Jones and Davis’ (1965) Correspondent Inference Theory

A

The challenge of attribution is to determine whether a persons behaviour corresponds to underlying, stable qualities in the person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Kelly’s (1967) Covariation Model

A

Attributions depend on the assessment of three sources of information, consistency, distinctiveness and consensus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Weiner’s Attribution Theory

A

According to Weiner’s Attribution Theory, people make causal attributions based on three dimensions: locus of control, stability, and controllability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Bem’s theory of self-perception

A

individuals do not possess a fixed set of internal attitudes or beliefs that guide their behavior. Instead, they make inferences about their internal states based on their external actions. When people are unsure about their attitudes or preferences, they look to their own behavior as a source of information.

30
Q

Intergroup attributions

A

process of assigning explanations or attributions to the behaviors and characteristics of members of different social groups.

31
Q

internal Attribution

A

personality, emotions, moods, ability
more biased to use internal for anther person more useful to see if they behave the same way

32
Q

external Attribution

A

situation, social context, driven by what they’re interacting with

33
Q

behaviour is informative about internal states when it:

A

has fewer “non common” effects
has fewer alternative causes
violates social norms
is unexpected to counter-schematic
is negative
has an impact on the perceiver (hedonic relevance - depends on the outcome)
is intentional and freely chosen (personalism)

34
Q

Consistency

A

does this person-stimulus interaction occur across different situations or only this situation
does behaviour always occur in the same situation

35
Q

distinctiveness

A

does this person have this effect on all stimuli or only this stimulus? does behaviour only occur in this situation

36
Q

consensus

A

do other people have this effect on the stimulus or is it only this person
do other people behave the same way

37
Q

behaviour with low consistency is a result of

A

situation

38
Q

behaviour with high consistency, distinctiveness and consensus is a result of

A

stimulus - external attribution

39
Q

behaviour with high consistency but low distinctiveness and consensus is a result of

A

the person - internal attribution

40
Q

casual schema

A

one off event can use previous knowledge for current event
causes should resemble effect big cause = big effect

41
Q

discounting principle

A

any one factor is discounted as a function of presence of other potential causes
more possible causes the more likely to discount the possibility of it being one thing

42
Q

augmenting principle

A

the role of potential cause is enhanced in the presence of other inhibiting factors

43
Q

self handicapping

A

cognitive and behavioral strategy in which individuals create obstacles or excuses to protect their self-esteem and enhance their social image, even at the risk of undermining their performance or achievements.

44
Q

According to Heider (1958), an example of a dispositional factor is:

A

Ability

45
Q

what is an attribution

A

the process of determining cause, motivated by a desire to predict and control the world

46
Q

what are the three models of social cognition

A

the naïve psychologist (Heider)
the “cognitive miser” (Fiske and Taylor)
the “motivated tactician”

47
Q

The Naïve psychologist (Heider)

A

People behave take a semi-scientific approach to understanding the world
- rational and thorough, computer metaphor

48
Q

The “cognitive miser” (Fisk and Taylor)

A

People have limited cognitive capacity and try to minimise effort
- shortcuts, “heuristics”

49
Q

The “motivated tactician”

A

People strategically allocate resources depending on motivation and goals
- dual process model

50
Q

dual process model

A

proposes that there are two distinct cognitive systems or processes at work: the intuitive and automatic system (referred to as System 1) and the reflective and controlled system (referred to as System 2).

51
Q

Heuristic are what

A

cognitive shortcuts
using internal data as proxies for external data

52
Q

Representativeness in terms of heuristics

A

using categories (schemas) based on similarity
stereotypes, people tend to resemble others

53
Q

Schneider and Bos (2014) found that

A

males are more similar to what is perceived as a general politician

54
Q

availability in terms of heuristics

A

frequency judgements based on the ease with which the information comes to mind
example: lots of people get covid = bigger risk of getting covid

55
Q

Taylor and Fiske (1975) found what in terms of salience

A

the effect of salience have an impact on attribution judgement
attributions were related to who they could see - people in vision were more influential

56
Q

The fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to over attribute behaviour to internal factors
example: for yourself blame external factors whereas for others you would blame internal factors

57
Q

The actor-observer bias effect

A

the tendency to make the fundamental attribution error more with others than ourselves
- more likely to be internal rather than the situation they are in

58
Q

Anchoring and adjustment and why it works

A

judgements that are tied to initial standards (prior judgements made to make new and accurate judgements)
works because a previous judgement often is a good approximation

59
Q

a two stage model of attribution what are the stages

A

stage 1 automatic internal attribution serves as an anchor (under stress can make the fundamental attribution error)
stage 2 effortful adjustment for situational factors, if time and motivation permit (more time you have the more likely to make more external attribution assumptions)

60
Q

Gilbert, Pelham and Krull (1988) experiment about abortion speeches found that?

A

when individuals were under cognitive load (were told they were giving the next speech) they felt more strongly about being pro-abortion

61
Q

what causal attributions lead to the fundamental attribution error

A

representativeness, availability and anchoring-and-adjustment

62
Q

self-schemas

A

cognitive generalisations about the self, derived from past experience, that organise and guide processing of self-related information contained in an individual’s social experience

63
Q

self organisation

A

self-discrepancy theory
regulatory focus theory
self-complexity theory

64
Q

Upward social comparison

A

compare yourself to someone who’s doing better than you (feel worse, informative)

65
Q

self-presentation

A
66
Q

working self concept

A

the subset of information related to yourself that is most active at a given moment

67
Q

self reference effect

A

memory is better for material that is/can be related to the self, example: being asked to remember something, trying it/connecting to yourself you’ll have better memory of it

68
Q

an associative network model of the self

A

represents the structure of self-related information in memory as an associative network. It suggests that our self-concept, or how we perceive and understand ourselves, is organized in a network of interconnected nodes or concepts.

69
Q

Csikzentmihalyi & Figurski (1982) what do you think about the most

A

the self is in the middle of the cognitive network - we are not always present
most mostly think about work

70
Q

Bender, O’Connor and Evans (2018) honesty experiment with mirror to test honesty found

A

kids with the mirror infant of them were more likely to tell the truth and therefore shows that self-awareness increases honesty

71
Q

Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins 1989)

A

divides self into two: the actual self and the self guides
-ought self: who you should be
- ideal self: who you could be
people are motivated to reach a state where their actual self meets heir self guides

72
Q

downward social comparison

A

compare yourself to someone doing worse than you (good self-esteem)

PSYC212 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions