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PSYC212 > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Definition for Psychology

A

is the scientific study of the human mind (and its influence on behaviour

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2
Q

Definition of Social Psychology

A

the scientific study of how we feel about, think about ad behave toward the people around us and how our feelings, thought and behaviour are influenced by those people

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3
Q

Definition of Schema

A

the representative of the knowledge about a concept

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4
Q

Definition of social categorisation

A

cognitive process by which individuals group people into distinct categories based on shared characteristics, such as gender, age, race, occupation, or social class.

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5
Q

Definition of central traits

A

concepts that have a disproportionate influence of the impressions of others

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6
Q

Kelly study about central traits findings

A

the words warm and cold order affects the meaning of the words that follow after

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7
Q

Salience

A

It is the degree to which something is perceived as being noticeable, prominent, or relevant compared to other stimuli in the environment.

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8
Q

Salience

A

refers to the relative significance or noticeable quality of a stimulus. They stand out from the background and are more likely to grab our attention and influence our cognitive processes and behavior.

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9
Q

Priming

A

when exposure to a stimulus makes a subsequent mental process more likely or efficient. exposure to one stimulus, known as the prime, influences the processing or interpretation of a subsequent stimulus or behavior.

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10
Q

Accessibility

A

the ease with which a schema comes to mind (e.g racists are more likely to use racial terms)

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11
Q

Brugger and Brugger (1993) found what

A

people intemperate the bunny dick illusion as a bunny around easter time as they are inclined to think that way

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12
Q

Wyer and Scrull (1979)

A

found that Donald was more negatively judged when he is hostile-primed rather than neutral-primed

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13
Q

Examples of neutral-prime

A

her found knew I

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14
Q

Example of hostile primes

A

leg break arm his

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15
Q

The Kuleshow effect

A

different expressions when provided with different priming stimulus

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16
Q

pros and cons of schema use

A

interpretation
information search and cognitive stability

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17
Q

interpretation of schema

A

actively fill the gaps of our experience and memory - which is only good if right schema is being used

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18
Q

The hostile media phenomenon (lord, ross and lepper 1985

A

schema driven effect, protectives seen as bias when they are not agreed with

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19
Q

information search related to schema

A

it can direct the way you look for information, direct you to certain types of information

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20
Q

examples of different information search questions

A

extraverted questions
introverted questions
neutral questions

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21
Q

two issues with information searching

A

confirmation bias - seek information that confirms what you already have
the self-fulfilling prophecy

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22
Q

the self-fulfilling prophesy (Snyder & Swann, 1978) found what

A

The findings of the study revealed that participants who believed the target was intellectually bright acted more positively towards them, providing them with more opportunities to speak, showing more attentive behavior, and generally eliciting more intelligent responses from the target. Conversely, participants who believed the target was intellectually dull displayed less positive behavior, providing fewer opportunities to speak and evoking less intelligent responses from the targe

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23
Q

cognitive stability in relation to schema
(Ross, Lepper and Hubbard, 1975) found what

A

they found when your insensitive you search for schema that is insensitive

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24
Q

why are schemas self sustaining

A

because they guide and bias how we acquire and remember information

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25
Heide's Naive Psychology
people are driven to determine the causes of others behaviour to predict and control their environment people act as tho they were amateur scientists, gathering information and testing their personal theories of cause and effect two kinds of attributions internal - external
26
Jones and Davis' (1965) Correspondent Inference Theory
The challenge of attribution is to determine whether a persons behaviour corresponds to underlying, stable qualities in the person
27
Kelly's (1967) Covariation Model
Attributions depend on the assessment of three sources of information, consistency, distinctiveness and consensus
28
Weiner's Attribution Theory
According to Weiner's Attribution Theory, people make causal attributions based on three dimensions: locus of control, stability, and controllability.
29
Bem's theory of self-perception
individuals do not possess a fixed set of internal attitudes or beliefs that guide their behavior. Instead, they make inferences about their internal states based on their external actions. When people are unsure about their attitudes or preferences, they look to their own behavior as a source of information.
30
Intergroup attributions
process of assigning explanations or attributions to the behaviors and characteristics of members of different social groups.
31
internal Attribution
personality, emotions, moods, ability more biased to use internal for anther person more useful to see if they behave the same way
32
external Attribution
situation, social context, driven by what they're interacting with
33
behaviour is informative about internal states when it:
has fewer "non common" effects has fewer alternative causes violates social norms is unexpected to counter-schematic is negative has an impact on the perceiver (hedonic relevance - depends on the outcome) is intentional and freely chosen (personalism)
34
Consistency
does this person-stimulus interaction occur across different situations or only this situation does behaviour always occur in the same situation
35
distinctiveness
does this person have this effect on all stimuli or only this stimulus? does behaviour only occur in this situation
36
consensus
do other people have this effect on the stimulus or is it only this person do other people behave the same way
37
behaviour with low consistency is a result of
situation
38
behaviour with high consistency, distinctiveness and consensus is a result of
stimulus - external attribution
39
behaviour with high consistency but low distinctiveness and consensus is a result of
the person - internal attribution
40
casual schema
one off event can use previous knowledge for current event causes should resemble effect big cause = big effect
41
discounting principle
any one factor is discounted as a function of presence of other potential causes more possible causes the more likely to discount the possibility of it being one thing
42
augmenting principle
the role of potential cause is enhanced in the presence of other inhibiting factors
43
self handicapping
cognitive and behavioral strategy in which individuals create obstacles or excuses to protect their self-esteem and enhance their social image, even at the risk of undermining their performance or achievements.
44
According to Heider (1958), an example of a dispositional factor is:
Ability
45
what is an attribution
the process of determining cause, motivated by a desire to predict and control the world
46
what are the three models of social cognition
the naïve psychologist (Heider) the "cognitive miser" (Fiske and Taylor) the "motivated tactician"
47
The Naïve psychologist (Heider)
People behave take a semi-scientific approach to understanding the world - rational and thorough, computer metaphor
48
The "cognitive miser" (Fisk and Taylor)
People have limited cognitive capacity and try to minimise effort - shortcuts, "heuristics"
49
The "motivated tactician"
People strategically allocate resources depending on motivation and goals - dual process model
50
dual process model
proposes that there are two distinct cognitive systems or processes at work: the intuitive and automatic system (referred to as System 1) and the reflective and controlled system (referred to as System 2).
51
Heuristic are what
cognitive shortcuts using internal data as proxies for external data
52
Representativeness in terms of heuristics
using categories (schemas) based on similarity stereotypes, people tend to resemble others
53
Schneider and Bos (2014) found that
males are more similar to what is perceived as a general politician
54
availability in terms of heuristics
frequency judgements based on the ease with which the information comes to mind example: lots of people get covid = bigger risk of getting covid
55
Taylor and Fiske (1975) found what in terms of salience
the effect of salience have an impact on attribution judgement attributions were related to who they could see - people in vision were more influential
56
The fundamental attribution error
the tendency to over attribute behaviour to internal factors example: for yourself blame external factors whereas for others you would blame internal factors
57
The actor-observer bias effect
the tendency to make the fundamental attribution error more with others than ourselves - more likely to be internal rather than the situation they are in
58
Anchoring and adjustment and why it works
judgements that are tied to initial standards (prior judgements made to make new and accurate judgements) works because a previous judgement often is a good approximation
59
a two stage model of attribution what are the stages
stage 1 automatic internal attribution serves as an anchor (under stress can make the fundamental attribution error) stage 2 effortful adjustment for situational factors, if time and motivation permit (more time you have the more likely to make more external attribution assumptions)
60
Gilbert, Pelham and Krull (1988) experiment about abortion speeches found that?
when individuals were under cognitive load (were told they were giving the next speech) they felt more strongly about being pro-abortion
61
what causal attributions lead to the fundamental attribution error
representativeness, availability and anchoring-and-adjustment
62
self-schemas
cognitive generalisations about the self, derived from past experience, that organise and guide processing of self-related information contained in an individual's social experience
63
self organisation
self-discrepancy theory regulatory focus theory self-complexity theory
64
Upward social comparison
compare yourself to someone who's doing better than you (feel worse, informative)
65
self-presentation
66
working self concept
the subset of information related to yourself that is most active at a given moment
67
self reference effect
memory is better for material that is/can be related to the self, example: being asked to remember something, trying it/connecting to yourself you'll have better memory of it
68
an associative network model of the self
represents the structure of self-related information in memory as an associative network. It suggests that our self-concept, or how we perceive and understand ourselves, is organized in a network of interconnected nodes or concepts.
69
Csikzentmihalyi & Figurski (1982) what do you think about the most
the self is in the middle of the cognitive network - we are not always present most mostly think about work
70
Bender, O'Connor and Evans (2018) honesty experiment with mirror to test honesty found
kids with the mirror infant of them were more likely to tell the truth and therefore shows that self-awareness increases honesty
71
Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins 1989)
divides self into two: the actual self and the self guides -ought self: who you should be - ideal self: who you could be people are motivated to reach a state where their actual self meets heir self guides
72
downward social comparison
compare yourself to someone doing worse than you (good self-esteem)

PSYC212 (1 decks)

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