SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
Beauchamp and Childress
4 Principles of Medical Ethics -AUTONOMY, JUSTICE, BENEFICIENCE, NON MALEFICIENCE
Utilitarianism
Greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people
Consequentialist Theory
CONSEQUENCES determine if an action is correct or not - ends justifying the means
Tarasoff Case
Demonstrates : CONFIDENTIALITY Duty to warn a 3rd party to protect them from harm (guy tells therapist he will kill ex. Therapist tells police but not the victim)
Drive Reduction Theory
HULL Biological drives correct homeostatic imbalances
Cognitive Dissonance
FESTINGER When one or more of our beliefs don’t match up, we try make them match up by: 1. Changing our beliefs 2. Acquire new information to outweigh the belief 3. Underestimate/reduce the importance of the cognitions
Illness Behaviour
MECHANIC Differences in the way people perceive and act upon symptoms. Informed by… 1. Biological predispoitions 2. Learned patterns of response 3. Organisation and incentives of the health system
Attitudes
Beliefs or feelings.
What changes attitudes?
Cognitive Dissonance Persuasion
How do you measure attitudes?
Likert Scale (agree/disagree) Thurstones Interval Osgood’s Semantic Differential Scale
Attribution Theory
HEIDER How we decide why things happened (Causality) -Internal Attribution -External Attribution
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to underestimate environmental influences (External attributions) and assume personal characteristics of the individual are responsible.
Milgram’s Experiment
Demonstrates OBEDIENCE. Shock the Stooges because someone in authority told you to do so. Influenced by: -social norms -perceived surveillance
Obedience
Influenced by : DEFIANCE BY PEERS - most important Legitimacy Disagreement between authority figures Proximity of Learner Proximity of Authority Figure
ASCH EXPERIMENT
Demonstrates : CONFORMITY. People in a group gave the wrong answers to a simple perceptual question because someone else gave a wrong answer before them.
Group Polarization
Tendency for people in a group to make more extreme decisions than the individual would on their own.
Group Think
People make faulty decisions in groups because they favour UNANIMITY over all else. They tend to NOT CONSIDER THE ALTERNATIVES and INADEQUATLY EXPLORE RISKS/BENEFITS.
Intergroup Bias
Group shows a tendency to favour people in their own group (in-group) over everyone else (out-group).
Outgroup Homogeniety Effect
The belief that members of the outgroup are all the same (minimise differences in the outgroup) and perceiving them as homogenous and undifferentiated.
Accentuation Effect
Overestimating the differences between groups
Intergroup Competitiveness
Increase in competitiveness when you are in a group than as an individual.
Bystander Effect/Genovese Effect
Tendancy towards inaction in a group because of diffusion of responsibility. Pluralistic ignorance is the act of believing that other people interpret a situation as harmless (and taking on that belief).
Stanford Prison Experiment
Demonstrates : DEINDIVIDUATION and ROLE EXPECTATION
Prison guards were really cruel towards prisoners and the prisoners just accepted it. Encouraged by DEPERSONALIZATION, DEINDIVIDUATION and DISORIENTATION. With Role Expectation - they were expected, as prisoners to comply with the dehumanization/extreme conditions.
Locus of Control
ROTTER
An individuals perception of what are the main causes of life events? (Internal vs external control).
