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social psych test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of individuals in social situations

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2
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

field of forces, social situation, how it affects a persons behavior

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3
Q

dispositions

A

internal factors such as beliefs, values, personality traits, or behavior guiding abilities

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4
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the failure to recognize the importance of situational influences on behavior and the corresponding tendency to overemphasize the importance of dispotions or traits on behavior

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5
Q

channel factors

A

certain situational circumstances that appear unimportant on the surface but that can have great consequences for behavior either facilitating or blocking it or guiding behavior in a particular direction

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6
Q

construal

A

peoples interpretation and inference about the stimuli or situations they confront

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7
Q

gestalt psychology

A

stresses the fact that people percieve objects not by means of some automatic registering device but by active, usually unconscious interpretation of what the object represents as a whole

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8
Q

prisoners dilemma

A

a situation ivolving payoffs to two people, who must decide whether to cooperate or defect. trust and cooperation lead to higher join payoffs than mistrust and defection

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9
Q

schema

A

a knowledge structure consisting of any organized body of stored information

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10
Q

automatic processing

A

people react quickly to frightening situations so that they can take immediate actions to save themselves from danger if necessary.

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11
Q

william james

A

wrote about attention, memory, and consciousness, examining how overlearned behaviors can drop out of conscious awareness

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12
Q

natural selection

A

molds animals and plants so that traits that enhance the porbability of survival and reproduction are passed on to subsequent generations

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13
Q

theory of mind

A

the understanding that other people have beliefs and desires

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14
Q

parental investment

A

principle that costs and benefits are different for males and females, one sex will normally value and invest more in each child than will the other sex

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15
Q

naturalistic fallacy

A

claim that the way things are is the way they should be

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16
Q

independent cultures

A

cultures in which people tend to think of themselves as distinct social entities, tied to each other by voluntary bonds of affection and organizational memberships but essentially separate from other people and having attributes that exist in the absence of any connection to others

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17
Q

interdependent cultures

A

people tend to define themselves as part of a collective, inextricably tied to others in their group and placing less importance on individual freedom or person control over their lives

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18
Q

hindsight bias

A

peoples tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a given outcome

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19
Q

theory

A

related propositions intended to describe some aspect of the world

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20
Q

population

A

the group you want to know about

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21
Q

random sample

A

taken at random from the population

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22
Q

convenience sample

A

taken from some available subgroup in the population

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23
Q

correlational research

A

does not involve random assignment to different situations, or conditions, and that psychologists conduct just to see whether there is a relationship between the variables

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24
Q

experimental research

A

research that randomly assigns people to different condition, or situation, and that enables researchers to make strong inferences about how these different conditions affect people behavior

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25
Q

reverse causation

A

when variable 1 is assumed to cause variable 2, yet the opposite direction of causation may be the case

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26
Q

third variable

A

when variable 1 does not cause variable 2 and variable 2 does not cause variable 1, but rather some other variable exerts a causal influence on both

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27
Q

self selection

A

a problem that arises when the participant, rather than the investigator, selects his or her level on each variable, bringing with this value unknown other properties that makes casual interpretation of a relationship difficult

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28
Q

longitudinal study

A

a study conducted over a long period of time with the same population, which is periodically assessed regarding a particular behavior

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29
Q

random assignment

A

assigning participants in research to different groups randomly

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30
Q

control condition

A

a condition comparable to the experimental condition in every way except that it lacks the one ingredient hypothosized to produce the expected effect on the dependent variable

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31
Q

natural experiments

A

naturally occuring events that have somewhat different conditions that can be compared with almost as much rigor as in experiments where the investigator manipulates the conditions

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32
Q

external validity

A

a setup that closely resembles real life situations so that results can safely be generalized to such situations

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33
Q

debriefing

A

asking participants straightforwardly if they understood the instructions, found the setup to be reasonable, and so forth

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34
Q

reliability

A

the degree to which the particular way that researchers measure a given variable is likely to yield consistent results

35
Q

measurement validity

A

the correlation between some measure and some outcome that the measure is supposed to predict

36
Q

applied science

A

science concerned with solving some real world problem of importance

37
Q

intervention

A

attempt to change someones behavior

38
Q

Institutional review board

A

a university committee that examines research proposals and makes judgements about the ethical appropriateness

39
Q

informed consent

A

participants willingness to participate in a procedure or research study after learning all relevant aspects about the procedure or study

40
Q

deception research

A

the participants are misled about the purpose of the research or the meaning of something that is done to them

41
Q

individual self

A

beliefs about our unique personal traits, abilities, preferences, tastes, talents and so forth

42
Q

relational self

A

beliefs about our indetities in specific relationships

43
Q

collective self

A

beliefs about our indentities as members of social groups to which we belong

44
Q

reflected self appraisal

A

beliefs about what others think of our social selves

45
Q

working self concept

A

subset of self knowledge that is brought to mind in a particular

46
Q

social comparison theory

A

the hypothesis that people compare themselves to other people in order to obtain an accurate assessment of their own opinions, abilities, and internal states

47
Q

self schemas

A

cognitive structures derived from past experience that represent a persons beliefs and feelings about the self in particular domains

48
Q

self reference effect

A

the tendency for information that is related to the self to be more thoroughly processed and integrated with existing self knowledge, thereby making it more memorable

49
Q

self complexity

A

the tendency to define the self in terms of multiple domains that are relatively distinct from one another in content

50
Q

contingencies of self worth

A

an account of self esteem that maintains that self esteem is contingent on successes and failures in domains on which a person has base his or her self worth

51
Q

sociometer hypothesis

A

a hypothesis that maintains that self esteem is an internal subjective index or marker of the extent to which a person is included or looked on favorably by others

52
Q

better than average effect

A

the finding that most people think they are above average on various trait and ability dimensions

53
Q

self evaluation maintenance model

A

a model that maintains that people are motivated to view themselves in a favorable light and that they do so through two processes: reflection and social comparison

54
Q

self verification theory

A

a theory that holds that people strive for stable subjectively accurate beliefs about the self because such beliefs give them a sense of coherence

55
Q

self regulation

A

processes that people use to initiate, alter, and control their behavior in the pursuit of goals

56
Q

possible selves

A

hypothetical selves that a person aspires to be in the future

57
Q

actual self

A

the self that people believe they are

58
Q

ideal self

A

the self that embodies peoples wishes and aspirations as held by themselves and by other people for them

59
Q

ought self

A

the self that is concerned with the duties, obligations, and external demands peoppe feel they are compelled to honor

60
Q

promotion focus

A

regulating behavior with respect to ideal self standards, entailing a focus on attaining positive outcomes and approach related behaviors

61
Q

prevention focus

A

regulating behavior with respect to ought standards entailing a focus on avioding negative outcomes and avoidance related behaviors

62
Q

ego depletion

A

a state produced of self control in which people lack the energy or resources to engage in further acts of self control

63
Q

self presentation

A

presenting the person that we would like others to believe we are

64
Q

self monitoring

A

the tendency for people to monitor their behavior in such a way that it fits situational demands

65
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

misperception of a group norm that results from observing people who are acting at variance with their private beliefs out of a concern for the social consequences actions that reinforce the erroneous group norm

66
Q

primacy effect

A

the disproportionate influence on judgement by information presented first in a body of evidence

67
Q

recency effect

A

the disproportionate influence on judgment by information presented last in a body of evidence

68
Q

framing effect

A

the influence on judgment resulting from the way information in presented such as the order of presentation or how it is worded

69
Q

contrual level theory

A

outlines the relationship between psychological distance and the concreteness versus abstraction of thought

70
Q

comfirmation bias

A

the tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it

71
Q

bottom up processes

A

an individual forms conclusions based on the stimuli encountered through the experience

72
Q

top down processes

A

an individual filters and interprets new information in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations

73
Q

encoding

A

filing information away in memory based on what information is attended to and the initial interpretation of the information

74
Q

retrieval

A

the extraction of information from memory

75
Q

prime

A

to momentarily activate a concept and hence make it accessible

76
Q

subliminal

A

below the threshold of conscious awareness

77
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

the tendency for people to act in ways that bring about the very thing they expect to happen

78
Q

heuristics

A

intuitive mental operations that allow us to make a vareity of judgements quickly and efficiently

79
Q

availability heuristic

A

the process whereby judgements of frequency or probability are based on how readily pertinent instances come to mind

80
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

the process whereby judgements of likelyhood are based on assessments of similarity between individuals and group prototypes or between cause and effect

81
Q

fluency

A

the feeling of ease associated with processing information

82
Q

base rate information

A

information about the relative frequency of events or of members of different categories in the population

83
Q

planning fallacy

A

the tendency for people to be unrealistically optimistic about how quickly they can complete a project

84
Q

illusory correlation

A

the belief that two variables are correlated when in fact they are not

social psych (1 decks)

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