Social Psych Flashcards
Aronson and Linder
Gain loss principle: changes will have more effect than evaluation that remains constant
Asch
Conformity. Lengths of lines
Bandura
Social learning theory. Learning through social contexts
Bem
Self perception theory as alternative to cognitive dissonance theory
K and M Clark
Doll preferences in black children. Results used in 1954 brown v Topeka board of education Supreme Court case
Farley and Latane
Two factors that lead to non helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility
Eagly
Gender differences in conformity were not due to gender but to differing social roles
Festinger
Cognitive dissonance theory and social comparison theory
Hall
Norms for interpersonal distance in interactions
Heider
Balance theory to describing why attitudes change. Also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into dispositional and situational
Hovland
Attitude change
Janis
Groupthink. How group decision making can sometimes go awry
Lerner
Belief in a just world
Lewin
Leadership styles. Autocratic. Democratic. Laissez-fare
McGuire
Psychological innoculation to help people resist persuasion
Milgram
Obedience, shock experiment. Also proposed stimulus overload theory to the plain differences between city and country dwellers
Newcomb
Political norms
Petty and Cacioppo
Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral)
Schachter
Relationship between anxiety and need for affiliation
Sherif
Auto kinetic effect used to study conformity. Also performed robbers cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased inter group communication
Zajonc
Mere exposure effect. Also resolved problems with social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances emission of dominant responses and impairs emission of non dominant responses
Zimbardo
Prison simulation. Deindividuation to explain results
Who published first study of social psychology?
Norman Triplett in 1898. Investigates effect of competition on performance. People do better on familiar tasks in presence of others.
William McDougall and EH Ross
Published first textbooks on psychology in 1908
Verplank, 1950s
Conversation changes based on feedback from others.
Reinforcement theory big names
Verplank, Pavlov, Thorndike, Hull, Skinner
Reinforcement theory
Behavior motivated by anticipated rewards
Who challenged reinforcement theorists?
Social learning theorists
Main figure in social learning theory
Albert Bandura
Social learning theory
Behavior is learned through imitation
Role theory (Bindle, 1979)
People are aware of social roles they’re expected to fill and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting these roles
Cognitive theory
Perception, judgment, memories, and decision making
Consistency theories
People prefer consistency and will change or resist changing attitudes based upon this preference
Example: smoker who hates smoking will try to resolve it by changing attitudes.
Fritz Heider
Balance theory
Balance theory
Three elements related: person, other, and thing or other person. When there isn’t balance there will be stress and a tendency to remove the stress by achieving balance. In general balance if there are 1 or 3 positives and imbalance of 0 or 2 positives
Leon Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory
Conflict when attitudes don’t match behaviors. People may change attitude to match behavior
2 types of dissonant situations
Free choice and forced compliance
Free choice dissonance
Person makes choice between several desirable alternatives. Will be dissonance after choice is made because all options were desirable. This is called post decisions dissonance. Fixed by spreading of alternatives
Spreading of alternatives
Relative worth of the alternatives is spread apart
Forced compliance dissonance
Person forced into behaving in a manner inconsistent with his or her beliefs and attitudes.
Classic cognitive dissonance experiment 1959
Perform boring tasks and tell next subject it was enjoyable and interesting. Some for $1 and some for $20. $1 group rates the experiment as more enjoyable. Why? Because $1 subjects were not as easily able to justify their lies. So to reduce dissonance they convinced themselves the task had been sort of fun.
Minimal justification effect
When external justification is minimal and you reduce dissonance by changing internal cognition.
2 main principles of cognitive dissonance
1) if person pressures to say or do something contrary to attitudes there will be an tendency to change those attitudes
2) greater the pressure to comply the less the persons attitude will change.
Self perception theory
If your attitudes about something are weak/ambiguous, you observe your own behavior and attribute an attitude to yourself.
I guess he likes brown bread bc he is always eating it
Difference between bem and festinger
Bem doesn’t hypothesize state of discomfort or dissonance. So in self perception theory initial attitude is irrelevant
Overjustification effect
If you reward people for something they already like doing they may stop liking it
Hovland’s 3 components of communication for persuasion.
Communicator, communication, situation
According to Hovland, when is the persuasive impact greater?
When communicator is more credible.
Oppenheimer example
Over time, persuasive impact of high credibility source…
Decreased while the persuasive impact of the low credibility source increased. This is known as the sleeper effect
How else can sources increase credibility?
Arguing against their own self interest
Two sided messages
Show a balanced communication and good for persuasion
Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (petty and cacioppo)
Two routes of persuasion. Central and peripheral
Peripheral route of persuasion
Issue not very important to us or we can’t clearly hear the message
In peripheral route of persuasion what matters?
Not strength of argument, but his and by whom or in what surroundings the argument is being presented is
Analogy of inoculation (McGuire)
Criticized cultural truisms. First exposed them to a weakened attack and then refuted it. Refuted counter arguments
Belief perseverance
People will hold beliefs even after they are shown to be false
Reluctance
Too much pressure. Person will try to reassert a sense of freedom by choosing the position opposite of yours
Social comparison theory (Festinger)
We have a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relation to others. People prefer to evaluate by no social means but when this isn’t possible they will evaluate themselves by comparing them self to others.
The less the similarly of opinions and abilities between two people…
The less the tendency to make comparisons
When a discrepancy exists there is a tendency to change
Ones position to be in line with the group
Stanley Schachter: greater anxiety leads to
Greater desire to affiliate. Anxious people prefer the company of other anxious people
Reciprocity hypothesis
Like people who indicate they like us
Gain loss principle (Aronson and Linder)
Evaluation that changes has more impact than evaluation that remains constant
Like someone more if they didn’t like us and now the do etc
Social exchange theory
More the rewards outweigh the costs, the greater the attraction to the other person. We want to maximize rewards and minimize costs
Equity theory
Also consider costs and rewards of the other person. We prefer our ratio of costs to rewards to be equal to the other persons. If not the case there will be a perceived instability due to the perceived inequality
Need complemenarity
People choose relationships so that can mutually satisfy each other’s needs
Attractiveness stereotype
Tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people
People closer to each other
Like each other more
Mere exposure hypothesis
Repeated exposure leads to enhanced liking
Helping behavior
Includes altruistic motivations but also includes behaviors that may be motivated by egoism or selfishness
Batsons empathy altruism model
When faced with situations in which others need help people might feel distress and/or empathy. When people had more distress than empathy people left instead of helped. When people felt more empathy they were more likely to help
Frustration aggression hypothesis
Frustrated people act aggressively
Social learning theory (bandura)
Aggression is learned through modeling (direct observation) or through reinforcement.
Bobo will experiment
Muzafer Sherif autokinetic effect experiment
Subjects estimates changed to match the group
Solomon Asch conformity study
Line length. Answers changed to conform.
Milgram
Conformity. Shock experiment
Foot in door effect
Compliance with small request increases likelihood of compliance with large request
Door in face effect
People who refuse a large initial request are more likely to agree to a smaller request later
Dimensions of personal identity
Identifies organized according to hierarchy of salience
Self efficacy (Bandura)
Part of social cognitive theory. Belief in ability to organize and execute a particular pattern of behavior. People with strong self efficacy exert more effort.
Primacy effect
First impression most important
Recency effect
More recent information is most important.
Attribution theory ( Heider)
Infer causes of other people’s behavior. Dispositional and situational.
Fundamental attribution error
When inferring causes of others behavior, usually make dispositional attributions instead of situational
Halo effect
I allow a general impression of a person to influence other more specific evaluations about a person. Why people are often inaccurate in evaluations of people.
Belief in a just world (Lerner)
Good things happen to good people. Bad things happen to bar people. Victim blaming
Group norms (Newcomb)
People accept norms of their community. Liberal college students from republican families
Proxemics (Hall)
Norms governing how far away we stand to people we are talking to. How individuals space themselves in relation to others
Zajonc. Presence of others increases arousal and
Enhances emission of dominant response. If good will do well. If new will not do well etc
Social loafing
Less effort when part of a group effort
Deindividuation
zimbardo
Loss of self awareness and personal identity.
groupthink (Janis)
Strive for consensus. H not considering discordant information.
Bay of pigs. Pearl Harbor
Risky shift
Group decisions are riskier than avverage of individual choices
Value hypothesis
Risky shifts happens in situations where riskiness is culturally valued.
Stoner experiment. Group decisions
More extreme but not also more risky. Discussed controversial topics. Group polarization. Tendency for group discussion to enhance groups initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution.
The more someone talks
The more they are perceived as a leader
Lewin leadership styles
Autocratic, democratic, Laissez-fare
Laissez-fare less efficient less organized and less satisfying
Autocratic more hostile and aggressive.
Work motivation and interest strongest in democratic groups
Prisoners dilemma
Compete or cooperate
Want to consider best outcome for self and avoid max sentence
Robbers cave experiment (Sherif)
Summer camp. Two separate camp. Superordinate goals. Improved inter group relations
