Social Psych

Question 1

Kurt Lewin, 1936 (behaviour)

Answer 1

Stated that behaviuor is a function of the person and environment

Expressed as B = f(P,E)

Question 2

What influences of your behaviour?

Answer 2

Mood, environment, etc.

Question 3

Social Psychology

Answer 3

The study of how people influence others’ behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes

Question 4

Need-to-belong theory

Answer 4

Humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections

Question 5

Social comparison theory

Answer 5

We seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others

or, we can’t know how we are if we can’t have a comparison for others

Question 6

Social facilitation theory

Answer 6

The presence of others can enhance our performance in certain situations

Question 7

Mimicry

Answer 7

Refers to taking on for ourselves the behaviours, emotional displays, and facial expressions for others

Question 8

Social norms

Answer 8

Unwritten guidelines for how to behave in social contexts

Question 9

Social Loading

Answer 9

When individuals put less effort into tasks when working with others because they see their participation as optional

Question 10

Asch Experiments

Answer 10

Three line comparison, confederates would say after some time that the standard line was the same as obviously incorrect answers

Question 11

Groupthinking

Answer 11

When group members tend toward the same ideas to minimize conflict

Question 12

Group polarization

Answer 12

The tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions of individual group members

Question 13

Obedience

Answer 13

Adherence to instructions from those of higher authority

Question 14

The Milgram Experiment

Answer 14

The “teacher”/”experimenter”/”student” experiment to test the hypothesis that some people can do horrific things to support their leaders

Question 15

Bystander Effect

Answer 15

If one person witnesses an emergency, it’s as if 100% of the responsibility for helping falls on that person,

but if more people witness emergency, that responsibility, that responsibility becomes diffused so that each person only feels partially responsible for the emergency which may not be enough motivation for the person to act.

Question 16

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 16

Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people’s behaviour

Question 17

Sex differences in aggression

Answer 17

Higher level in physical aggressiveness among AMABs than AFABS

AFABs have a higher level in relational aggression

Question 18

Explicit Processes

Answer 18

A cognitive process that corresponds roughly to “conscious” thought

Question 19

Implicit processes

Answer 19

A cognitive process that compromise our “unconscious” thought

Are intuitive, automatic, effortless, fast, etc.

Question 20

Dual-process models

Answer 20

Models of behaviour that account for both implicit and explicit processes

Question 21

Person perception

Answer 21

Refers to the processes by which individuals categorize and form judgements about other people

Question 22

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 22

Occurs when a first impression/expectation affects one’s behaviour, and then that affects other people’s behaviour, leading to “confirm” the intiial impression or expectation

Question 23

Internal attributions

Answer 23

Based on qualities or actions of an individual

Question 24

External attributions

Answer 24

Focus on the context in which the individual is situated

Question 25

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 25

A tendency to over-emphasize internal (dispositional) attributions and under-emphasize external (situational) factors when explaining other people’s behaviours

Question 26

Ingroups

Answer 26

Groups we feel positively toward and identify with

Question 27

Outgroups

Answer 27

The “other” groups we don’t identify with

Question 28

Ingroup bias (results when (in/out)groups are established)

Answer 28

Tendency to favour individuals within our ingroup over those from the outgroup (us vs. them)

Question 29

Out-group homogeneity

Answer 29

Tendency to view all individuals outside your ingroup as highly similar

Question 30

Stereotype

Answer 30

A belief about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group

Can lead to prejudice

Question 31

Prejudice

Answer 31

Drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence

Can lead to discrimination. Prejudice is ONLY drawing the conclusions, not acting on it

Question 32

Discrimination

Answer 32

Negative behaviours towards members of outgroups

Discrimination is the behaviour/acting on prejudice

Question 33

Elaborative Likelihood Model (ELM)

Answer 33

A dual-process model of persuasion that predicts whether factual information or other types of information will be the most influential

Question 34

Authority (Communication)

Answer 34

The use of experts and authority figures to deliver a message can often enhance the impact of a message

Question 35

Liking (Communication)

Answer 35

Basically, we believe people we like. If you can communicate to people whom you can “connect” with, your message will come across more effectively

Question 36

Social Validation (Communication)

Answer 36

Because humans are such a social species, we use the behaviour of others as a guide to inform us what we should do

Question 37

Reciprocity (Communication)

Answer 37

The strong social norm that obligates people to repay others what they have received

also, important in the door-in-the-face technique

Question 38

Door-in-the-face technique

Answer 38

Involves asking for something relatively big, then following with a request for something relatively small. The logic is the obligation to meet part way if you scale back a request

Basically, big request than small request

Question 39

Foot-in-door technique

Answer 39

Involves making a simple request followed by a more substantial request. Utilizes the need for psychological consistency

Basically: small request then big request

Question 40

Attitudes predict behaviour relatively well when they’re:

Answer 40

Highly accessible

Firmly Held

Stable over time

Question 41

Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 41

A discrepancy between two beliefs that lead to an unpleasant state of tension that we’re motivated to reduce

Question 42

Ways to reduce an unpleasant state (cognitive dissonance theory)

Answer 42

Change the first cognition

Change the second cognition

Introduce a third cognition to resolve the conflict