Social Psych Flashcards
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Kurt Lewin, 1936 (behaviour)
Stated that behaviuor is a function of the person and environment
Expressed as B = f(P,E)
What influences of your behaviour?
Mood, environment, etc.
Social Psychology
The study of how people influence others’ behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes
Need-to-belong theory
Humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections
Social comparison theory
We seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others
or, we can’t know how we are if we can’t have a comparison for others
Social facilitation theory
The presence of others can enhance our performance in certain situations
Mimicry
Refers to taking on for ourselves the behaviours, emotional displays, and facial expressions for others
Social norms
Unwritten guidelines for how to behave in social contexts
Social Loading
When individuals put less effort into tasks when working with others because they see their participation as optional
Asch Experiments
Three line comparison, confederates would say after some time that the standard line was the same as obviously incorrect answers
Groupthinking
When group members tend toward the same ideas to minimize conflict
Group polarization
The tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions of individual group members
Obedience
Adherence to instructions from those of higher authority
The Milgram Experiment
The “teacher”/”experimenter”/”student” experiment to test the hypothesis that some people can do horrific things to support their leaders
Bystander Effect
If one person witnesses an emergency, it’s as if 100% of the responsibility for helping falls on that person,
but if more people witness emergency, that responsibility, that responsibility becomes diffused so that each person only feels partially responsible for the emergency which may not be enough motivation for the person to act.
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people’s behaviour
Sex differences in aggression
Higher level in physical aggressiveness among AMABs than AFABS
AFABs have a higher level in relational aggression
Explicit Processes
A cognitive process that corresponds roughly to “conscious” thought
Implicit processes
A cognitive process that compromise our “unconscious” thought
Are intuitive, automatic, effortless, fast, etc.
Dual-process models
Models of behaviour that account for both implicit and explicit processes
Person perception
Refers to the processes by which individuals categorize and form judgements about other people
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Occurs when a first impression/expectation affects one’s behaviour, and then that affects other people’s behaviour, leading to “confirm” the intiial impression or expectation
Internal attributions
Based on qualities or actions of an individual
External attributions
Focus on the context in which the individual is situated
Fundamental attribution error
A tendency to over-emphasize internal (dispositional) attributions and under-emphasize external (situational) factors when explaining other people’s behaviours
Ingroups
Groups we feel positively toward and identify with
Outgroups
The “other” groups we don’t identify with
Ingroup bias (results when (in/out)groups are established)
Tendency to favour individuals within our ingroup over those from the outgroup (us vs. them)
Out-group homogeneity
Tendency to view all individuals outside your ingroup as highly similar
Stereotype
A belief about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group
Can lead to prejudice
Prejudice
Drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence
Can lead to discrimination. Prejudice is ONLY drawing the conclusions, not acting on it
Discrimination
Negative behaviours towards members of outgroups
Discrimination is the behaviour/acting on prejudice
Elaborative Likelihood Model (ELM)
A dual-process model of persuasion that predicts whether factual information or other types of information will be the most influential
Authority (Communication)
The use of experts and authority figures to deliver a message can often enhance the impact of a message
Liking (Communication)
Basically, we believe people we like. If you can communicate to people whom you can “connect” with, your message will come across more effectively
Social Validation (Communication)
Because humans are such a social species, we use the behaviour of others as a guide to inform us what we should do
Reciprocity (Communication)
The strong social norm that obligates people to repay others what they have received
also, important in the door-in-the-face technique
Door-in-the-face technique
Involves asking for something relatively big, then following with a request for something relatively small. The logic is the obligation to meet part way if you scale back a request
Basically, big request than small request
Foot-in-door technique
Involves making a simple request followed by a more substantial request. Utilizes the need for psychological consistency
Basically: small request then big request
Attitudes predict behaviour relatively well when they’re:
Highly accessible
Firmly Held
Stable over time
Cognitive dissonance theory
A discrepancy between two beliefs that lead to an unpleasant state of tension that we’re motivated to reduce
Ways to reduce an unpleasant state (cognitive dissonance theory)
Change the first cognition
Change the second cognition
Introduce a third cognition to resolve the conflict
