Social Pschology Flashcards
When was the Jonestown Massacre?
November 1978.
Define Agentic State.
Acting on behalf of another without responisiblity for one’s own actions.
Define Agentic Shift.
Switching one’s state when authority is present.
Define Autonomous State.
Where one acts and behaves according to their own principles and feel responsible for their own actions. (‘Autonomy’ means to be independent or free)
What was Milgram’s Study about? (1961)
The Agentic State and Autonomous State. Milgram discussed responses to authority. His method was to get a ‘Teacher’ to electrocute the ‘Learner’ for each wrong answer in a ‘memory experiment’, beginning from 15 volts to 450 volts.
List the important figures for Milgram’s Study.
- 12.5% stopped on 300 volts
- 10.0% stopped on 315 volts
- 65% stopped on 450 volts
- 3 people had seizures
- Only white males ages 20-50
What was Adorno’s Study? (1950)
Adorno’s study was a questionnare (the F-Scale) on one’s personality, which would determine their likelihood of obedience. He believed an Authoritarian Personality is formed rather than born with.
The Key Idea was that people will obey due to their personality and that unquestionable obedience is a psychological disorder.
What does GRAVE stand for?
G - Generalisabilty - (how general is it?)
R - Reliability - (how reliable is it?)
A- Applicabilty - (how applicable is it?)
V - Validity - (how valid is the research?)
E - Ethical - (how well are ethical and moral guidelines followed?)
Define Deindividuation.
A psychological state in which one loses their individual identity thus bearing the identity of a group. One could share social normalities such as items of clothing, i.e. a football top or uniform.
Who investigated Deindividuation?
Zimbardo (1969)
What was Zimbardo’s method?
Four female undergraduates had to deliver fake electric shocks to another student.
Group 1 - Individuated Group, wore normal clothes, name tags, and could see each other.
Group 2 - Deindividuated Group, wore large coats with hoods and was never referred to by name.
What did Zimbardo find?
The deindividuated group was more likely to press the button to shcok the ‘learner’ in the other room.
They held the shock button down twice as long as the individuated group.
What was Paliavin’s Study on? (1969)
The Bystander Effect and how Characteristics effected the willingness to help one in need.
What was Paliavin’s method?
- 4 confederates boarded a New York City subway train
- Always at the same stop
- There were 103 trials (journeys)
- 1 confederate (male) played the role of a victim, and he fell on the floor in between both exit doors, 70 seconds into the journey
- 38 trials the victim carried a bottle of alcohol and smelled of alcohol
- 65 trials he carried a black cane
- 2 of the confederates were observing and noted down everything that happened
- 1 confederate was a model who would help the ‘victim’ after a further 70 or 150 seconds
What did Paliavin find?
- 95% of victims with a cane received help (87% in the first 70 seconds)
- 50% of drunk victims received help (17% in the first 70 seconds)
People are more willing to help if you are ‘more deserving’.
Certain characteristics displayed will determine if you are worthy of help or not.
What does AMCR stand for?
A - Aim
M - Method
R - Results
C - Conclusion
What was Reicher’s experiment about in 1980?
Proving that groups act in an ordered manner in a riot and not a ‘dis-ordered’ manner. Groups act is a ‘ruly’ manner rather than an ‘unruly’ manner.
Describe Reicher’s experiment.
A riot in the Black and White Cafe in St. Pauls (Bristol) happened wehn policemen raided the area around 3.30pm on the 2nd of April 1980 to arrest people in relation to illegal drinking and drugs.
Once news had spread quickly, many began throwing stones and bricks at police cars. A few policemen were hit and one individual needed stitches.
A further force of 40 police arrived on scene and the attack spread to a pub, bank and post office, causing much damage.
By 7.30pm it was estimated the crowd was between 300 and 3,000 people. Some of the rioters even helped to direct traffic congestion.
Reicher concluded the damage was aimed at the main target - the police, and all other da,age caused was unintentional.
Once the police had departed the riot did too, thus the crowd was rule-driven and had an aim, they were not ‘un-ruly’.
What graph has a raise and a fall, making a mountain shape?
Bell Curve Graph / Normal Distribution
Define the Hawthorne Effect.
Participants change their behaviour when they know they are being watched.
Define Post-Hoc Content.
Getting consent after the even/study has taken place.
Define Independent Variable.
The variable of which the experimenter manipulates.
Define Dependent Variable.
The variable of which the experimenter measures.
Define Operationalisation of a Variable.
To operationalise a variable is to tell more about that varibale, i.e. explaining how the dependent varibale will be measured.
