Social, Professional Issues and Legislation Flashcards
Teleontology
“What makes an action good are its consequences.”
e.g.
+ Utilitarianism (the greater good)
+ Ethical egoism (the only true moral right are those that benefit you)
Deontology
“What makes an action good depends on the nature of the action itself.”
e.g.
+ Kantian ethics (if an action is motivated by a sense of duty and is universally agreeable)
Universalizability Principle
A moral statement that applies in one situation must apply for all similar situations.
e.g. A ‘right’ action by a person cannot be ‘wrong’ if done by another person.
Principle of Impartiality
All persons are equal and must be treated accordingly.
e.g. No discrimination by race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, etc.
Dominance of Moral Norms
Moral norms are put above all else, such as legal or aesthetic norms.
What are the four points of the BCS Code of Conduct?
Public Interest
Duty to Profession
Duty to Relevant Authority
Professional Competence and Integrity
What is the difference between normative and descriptive morality?
Descriptive morality means those put forward by a greater group or society, while normative morality is that which is intrinsically believed by the greater public.
The Data Protection Act of 1984 was concered with three types of data holder. What were they?
Data subject: Individuals who are the subject of this personal data.
Data users: Those who process and control the data.
Computer bureax: Those who only process the data.
What rights does GDPR give to data subjects?
The right to be informed of how your data is being used.
The right to be access, rectify and subsequently delete your data at any time.
The right to restrict ways your data can be processed, and to say no to where it is being sent.
And finally, the right to data portability.
What do the Neo-Luddites fear?
They fear that computers will drive unemployment due to job automation.
They also believe that computers create artificial “needs”.
They also believe that computers can lead to social inequity, as only the rich and middle class have access to adequate internet connections and devices. Furthermore, they believe it leads to social disintegration, the weakening of human interaction.
Computers also lead to benefits to Big Business and the Government, as large companies have a wealth of data about us and can effectively control us.
Finally, they believe that computers cause an ominous uniformity of knowledge.
What is the difference between a filter bubble and an echo chamber?
A filter bubble is an intellectual or ideological isolation that may result from the way online platforms use algorithms to give us only the content we are interested in.
An echo chamber is a situation where those who have ideologically isolated themselves distrust everyone on the “outside” of that bubble.
What is a computer model?
A computer model is a system used to predict the behaviour or outcome of a real-world phenomenon.
e.g. Weather forecasts, population growth, Bloomberg stock market prediction
What is a black box?
A black box is a system that recieves an input and produces a useful output, without revealing any of its inner workings. This can be because either the source code is inaccessible, or the system is just so complex it is impossible to figure out.
This can be used to describe artificial intelligence, as some machine learning models can reach incomprehensible levels of complexity.
What can a trademark NOT be?
Generic: Words or phrases that are commonly used to describe a particular type of product or service cannot be trademarked. For example, “computer” or “coffee” cannot be registered as trademarks for computers or coffee, respectively, because they are too general.
Descriptive: Words or phrases that describe the characteristics, ingredients, or features of a product or service cannot be trademarked. For example, “juicy” or “wholesome” cannot be registered as trademarks for fruit or bread, respectively, because they describe the nature of the products.
Confusingly similar: A trademark cannot be similar to an existing trademark in such a way that it is likely to cause confusion among consumers. For example, if there is already a registered trademark for “Apple” for computers, another company cannot register “Appl” for computers, because it is too similar and could be confused with the existing trademark.
Misleading: A trademark cannot be deceptive or misleading. For example, a company cannot register “Organic” as a trademark for a product that is not actually organic.
Offensive or scandalous: A trademark cannot be offensive or scandalous. This includes words or phrases that are racially or ethnically derogatory, or that are sexually explicit or suggestive.
What is a trademark?
An intellectual property that enables one to identify goods or services from a specific source.
