social Organisation Flashcards
What is Social Organisation?
- Residence patterns (Corak petempatan)
- Social Structure (Struktur Sosial) &
Leadership (Pemimpinan) - Kinship & Descent (Persanakan & Keturunan)
- Marriage patterns & marriage processes
(Corak perkahwinan & proses perkahwinan) - Gender Relations
Residence Patterns
-All traditional land-based Austronesian societies in Sabah live in sedentary villages and practice rice agriculture
-Dusunic, Murutic, Paitanic societies expert agriculturalists cultivating dry rice on hills or wet rice on plains
-onal villages composed of longhouses(apartments for individual families
Residence Patterns (cont.)
-Maritime Communities live in villages or water villages along the shoreline, eg. Brunei, Iranun, most Sama Bajau
-Depend on sea fishing, but also cultivate some crop
-Traditional villages along the shores composed of hamlets of individuals houses
Residence Patterns (cont.)
-Sea Nomads -Sea Bajau / sama dilaut
-Formerly lived all their lives on sea, coming ashore only to collect water or to bury their dead.
Social Structure & Leadership
Hierarchical classed societies with
aristocracy at the top
- Leadership inherited by descent
eg. Iranun, Brunei,Suluk
Social Structure (cont.)
Egalitarian / Acephallous( without a head)
- Classless societies
- Leadership determined by knowledge, skill, talent eg. Dusunic, Murutic, Paitanic, most
Sama Bajau and others.
- Kinship & Descent
-Kinship (persanakan) familial relationships between members of a society
-Consanguineal kin (sanak sedarah) relatives of Ego through blood
-Affinal kin / affines (sanak semenda) relatives of Ego through his/her marriage
-Descent (keturunan) system of forebears and descendants of Ego
-Conjugal Family (keluarga konjugal) nuclear family formed by mother, father and children
-Extended Family (keluarga luas) includes other relatives such as grandparents, cousins, aunts,uncle
-
Kinship & Descent (cont.)
-In Sabah, all Austronesian ethnic groups are bilateral societies(masyarakat dwisisi) with
bilateral descent (keturunan dwisisi)-this means all relatives on Ego’s mother’s side are equally important as relatives on father’s side , and descent is traced through both mother and father (sometimes called cognatic societies)
-Sabah societies are non-segmented there are no clans, tribes, or phratries in Sabah (tidak ada
suku, kaum/suku kaum/puak, atau fratri di
masyarakat sabah
Kinship & Descent (cont.)
-kinship terminology is usually “eskimo type”(anthropological term)
-Distinguishes conjugal family members from all other kin
Marriage Patterns & Processes
Marriage Forms
1. Monogamy (1 husband + 1 wife at 1 time)norm in all Sabah societies.
- Polygamy
a) Polygyny (poligini) (1 husband + 2 or more wives at 1 time) rare but occurs in some societies
b) Polyandry (poliandri) (1 wife + 2 or more hubands) is not part of Borneo societies
Marriage Patterns & Processes
(cont.)
Rule of exogamy/ “incest taboo”(peraturan eksogami/”pantang sumbang mahram” -means you cannot marry close relatives
-in most cultures in Sabah, you cannot mary into generations above or below, and cannot marry close cousins
-in dusunic socities, marriage between close cousins is considered spiritually “hot” (ahasu/alasu) and must be atoned for with a blood sacrifice or sogit(from osogit or “cold” to cold the heat of the sinful relationship
Marriage Patterns & Processes
(cont.)
Close cousin marriage is forbidden as far as:
-5th cousins among Kadazan Dusun of Tambunan,and most Murutic group
-3rdcousins among Rungus and most other Dusunic groups, Paitanic groups, Iranun, some west coast Bajau, some east coast Bajau and Sama Dilaut
-2nd cousins among the Lotud
-1st cousin marriage permitted among the Bongi
and in some specific cases among the east coast
Bajau
Marriage Patterns & Processes
(co
Marriage processes there are many stages in the marriage process from initial enquiries to post-nuptial residence; in most societies an official betrothal follows lengthy discussions, and is followed by the payment of bridewealth(or brideprice NOT “dowry”);
Bride service (khidmat kahwin)
- After official betrothal, some societies (especially
Paitanic peoples) have bride service whereby a man
must live with and work for his future parents-in-law.
Marriage Patterns & Processes
(cont.
Bridewealth (berian) items of wealth given
parents/family
Marriage Patterns & Processes
(cont)
Corporate Bridewealth (Berian Korporat)
- Parents of a man take objects of wealth from their corporately owned assets and give to the parents of the bride-to-be, who then keep them in their own collection of assets
- Bridewealth system in Dusunic and Paitanic
societies
