social Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Social Organisation?

A
  1. Residence patterns (Corak petempatan)
  2. Social Structure (Struktur Sosial) &
    Leadership (Pemimpinan)
  3. Kinship & Descent (Persanakan & Keturunan)
  4. Marriage patterns & marriage processes
    (Corak perkahwinan & proses perkahwinan)
  5. Gender Relations
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2
Q

Residence Patterns

A

-All traditional land-based Austronesian societies in Sabah live in sedentary villages and practice rice agriculture

-Dusunic, Murutic, Paitanic societies expert agriculturalists cultivating dry rice on hills or wet rice on plains

-onal villages composed of longhouses(apartments for individual families

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3
Q

Residence Patterns (cont.)

A

-Maritime Communities live in villages or water villages along the shoreline, eg. Brunei, Iranun, most Sama Bajau

-Depend on sea fishing, but also cultivate some crop

-Traditional villages along the shores composed of hamlets of individuals houses

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4
Q

Residence Patterns (cont.)

A

-Sea Nomads -Sea Bajau / sama dilaut
-Formerly lived all their lives on sea, coming ashore only to collect water or to bury their dead.

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5
Q

Social Structure & Leadership

A

Hierarchical classed societies with
aristocracy at the top
- Leadership inherited by descent
eg. Iranun, Brunei,Suluk

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6
Q

Social Structure (cont.)

A

Egalitarian / Acephallous( without a head)
- Classless societies
- Leadership determined by knowledge, skill, talent eg. Dusunic, Murutic, Paitanic, most
Sama Bajau and others.

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7
Q
  1. Kinship & Descent
A

-Kinship (persanakan) familial relationships between members of a society

-Consanguineal kin (sanak sedarah) relatives of Ego through blood
-Affinal kin / affines (sanak semenda) relatives of Ego through his/her marriage

-Descent (keturunan) system of forebears and descendants of Ego

-Conjugal Family (keluarga konjugal) nuclear family formed by mother, father and children

-Extended Family (keluarga luas) includes other relatives such as grandparents, cousins, aunts,uncle

-

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8
Q

Kinship & Descent (cont.)

A

-In Sabah, all Austronesian ethnic groups are bilateral societies(masyarakat dwisisi) with
bilateral descent (keturunan dwisisi)-this means all relatives on Ego’s mother’s side are equally important as relatives on father’s side , and descent is traced through both mother and father (sometimes called cognatic societies)

-Sabah societies are non-segmented there are no clans, tribes, or phratries in Sabah (tidak ada
suku, kaum/suku kaum/puak, atau fratri di
masyarakat sabah

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9
Q

Kinship & Descent (cont.)

A

-kinship terminology is usually “eskimo type”(anthropological term)

-Distinguishes conjugal family members from all other kin

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10
Q

Marriage Patterns & Processes

A

Marriage Forms
1. Monogamy (1 husband + 1 wife at 1 time)norm in all Sabah societies.

  1. Polygamy
    a) Polygyny (poligini) (1 husband + 2 or more wives at 1 time) rare but occurs in some societies
    b) Polyandry (poliandri) (1 wife + 2 or more hubands) is not part of Borneo societies
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11
Q

Marriage Patterns & Processes
(cont.)

A

Rule of exogamy/ “incest taboo”(peraturan eksogami/”pantang sumbang mahram” -means you cannot marry close relatives
-in most cultures in Sabah, you cannot mary into generations above or below, and cannot marry close cousins
-in dusunic socities, marriage between close cousins is considered spiritually “hot” (ahasu/alasu) and must be atoned for with a blood sacrifice or sogit(from osogit or “cold” to cold the heat of the sinful relationship

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12
Q

Marriage Patterns & Processes
(cont.)

A

Close cousin marriage is forbidden as far as:

-5th cousins among Kadazan Dusun of Tambunan,and most Murutic group

-3rdcousins among Rungus and most other Dusunic groups, Paitanic groups, Iranun, some west coast Bajau, some east coast Bajau and Sama Dilaut

-2nd cousins among the Lotud

-1st cousin marriage permitted among the Bongi
and in some specific cases among the east coast
Bajau

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13
Q

Marriage Patterns & Processes
(co

A

Marriage processes there are many stages in the marriage process from initial enquiries to post-nuptial residence; in most societies an official betrothal follows lengthy discussions, and is followed by the payment of bridewealth(or brideprice NOT “dowry”);

Bride service (khidmat kahwin)
- After official betrothal, some societies (especially
Paitanic peoples) have bride service whereby a man
must live with and work for his future parents-in-law.

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14
Q

Marriage Patterns & Processes
(cont.

A

Bridewealth (berian) items of wealth given
parents/family

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15
Q

Marriage Patterns & Processes
(cont)

A

Corporate Bridewealth (Berian Korporat)
- Parents of a man take objects of wealth from their corporately owned assets and give to the parents of the bride-to-be, who then keep them in their own collection of assets

  • Bridewealth system in Dusunic and Paitanic
    societies
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