social learning theory - gender development Flashcards
how do children learn about gender?
children learn ideas about gender/gender-related behavior through modelling and imitation
how is learning encouraged or maintained?
praise, punishment and vicarious reinforcement
identification with a model
what needs to happen for learning to take place?
the mediational processes - attention, retention, motivation and reproduction
what did bandura believe?
people have the ability to direct themselves within learning - reciprocal determinism
what does reciprocal determinism propose?
once children have learnt basic gender roles, their own behavior isn’t solely dependent upon praise, punishment and vicarious reinforcement - they direct their own behavior
evaluation for SLT
+ bobo doll - research support
+ perry and bussey - showed a film to group of children of children picking up fruits. later, children went into a room to pick their own fruit. for most, the fruit they picked was the same as the children of the same gender in the video
- ignores biological approach + factors
- does not state why kids identify with same sex models - they just do - lacks evidence
- SLT may overestimate the importance of peers during gender development with many not actually showing gender specific behaviors
culture - what is socialisation?
when an individual engages with society and in doing so socially learn gender behaviors
how does culture impact gender-related behaviors?
- expectations of how different genders should behave change from culture to culture (berry et al. 2002) - so each gender behaves accordingly to their cultures specific expectations
culture - what is there a correlation between?
changes in gender behaviors/expectations and movement of residents with such culture (berry et al. 2002)
what also have an impact on how culture impacts how we think each gender should behave?
historical contexts - e.g women during ww2
examples of culture affecting gender
- in samoa men dont do any housework, so one child must transition to a women to carry out these tasks (fafafine)
- in india there are over 5 million hijras (individuals who are neither male or female)
culture ao3 - eagly and wood
- biology dictates cultural roles
- biological differences means men and women can perform different roles more efficiently and therefore culture has made this acceptable
- e.g. women more caring so spend more time at home with children/men can be away from children so go to work for longer
culture - evaluation
- cultural bias - within studying other cultures
- freeman - cultural reporting bias within a cross cultural research paper completed by mead
- appell - stated same for freeman’s work stating the samoans he worked with said that a wrong image had been created of them
media influences on gender - what is the media? how does it relate to culture?
ways to store and distribute info to the masses
culture expresses itself through the media
what does the media provide in relation to gender?
role models
how does the media portray men?
- independent
- directive
- purusing both engaging occupations and recreational activities
- exercising control over events
- dominant
how does the media portray women?
- acting in dependent, unambitious and emotional ways (bussey and bandura)
- mercy of others (hodges et al)
- more flawless and passive
examples of stereotypical gender identities in the media
- princesses in disney movies - damsel in distress - needs guidance and support
- james bond - powerful, has authority
what do mcghee and frueh argue about media exposure?
- more exposed you are to the media, the more gender sex roles you prescribe to
- shown during the study comparing numbers of tv watched and gender roles displayed within children
evidence support for mcghee and frueh
in 1970s - valley in canade never been able to recieve TV signal
behaviours and attitudes of children were assessed - questionnaire about gender stereotypes
TV was introduced - 2 years later childrens views had become significantly more sex typed
