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Sociology > Social Institutions > Flashcards

Social Institutions Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

An organized sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to meet human needs

A

Social institution

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2
Q

Six major social institutions:

A
  1. Family
  2. Religion
  3. Economy
  4. Medicine
  5. Politics
  6. Education
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3
Q

A social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children

A

Family

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4
Q

A social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred

A

Religion

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5
Q

A legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing

A

Marriage

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6
Q

A religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural traditions

A

Cult

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7
Q

The system by which members of a society trace kinship generations

A

Descent

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8
Q

A conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring traditional, otherworldly religion

A

Fundamentalism

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9
Q

The sharing on a household by an unmarried couple

A

Cohabitation

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10
Q

The ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others

A

Power

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11
Q

The social institution that organizes a society’s production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

A

Economy

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12
Q

Power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive

A

Authority

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13
Q

An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned

A

Capitalism

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14
Q

A political system that gives power to the people as a whole

A

Democracy

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15
Q

An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods are collectively owned

A

Socialism

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16
Q

A political system that denies the people’s participation in government

A

Authoritarianism

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17
Q

The social institution that distributes power, sets a society’s goals, and makes decisions

A

Politics

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18
Q

Acts of violence or the threat of violence used as a political strategy by an individual or group

A

Terrorism

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19
Q

A political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation

A

Monarchy

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20
Q

The social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values

A

Education

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21
Q

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

A

Health

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22
Q

Assigning students to different types of educational programs

A

Tracking

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23
Q

An approach to healthcare that emphasizes prevention of illness and takes into account a person’s entire physical and social environment

A

Holistic medicine

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24
Q

A lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living

A

Functional illiteracy

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25
Q

A medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most physicians

A

Socialized medicine

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26
Q

The social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health

A

Medicine

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27
Q

A medical care system in which patients pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals

A

Direct-fee system

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28
Q

4 functions of family

A
  1. Socialization
  2. Regulation of sexual activity
  3. Social placement
  4. Material & emotional security
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29
Q

The divorce rate is likely to remain…

A

high

30
Q

Family forms in the future will be…

A

more diverse

31
Q

Men will play a ____ role in child rearing

A

limited

32
Q

Families will continue to feel the effects of …

A

economic changes

33
Q

_____ will continue to alter the traditional experience of parenthood.

A

New reproductive technology

34
Q

3 strengths of the family institution:

A
  1. Care for aging parents
  2. Material & economic security
  3. Regulation of sexual activity
35
Q

3 weaknesses of the family institution:

A
  1. 1/2 of today’s marriages will end in divorce
  2. Remarriage creates blended families
  3. Family violence
36
Q

3 functions of religion:

A
  1. Social cohesion (unity)
  2. Social control (conformity)
  3. Providing meaning and purpose
37
Q

Compared to other high-income countries…

A

the U.S. IS a religious country

38
Q

While membership in mainstream religious groups has declined,…

A

membership in sects has increased.

39
Q

In recent decades, an increasing number of people have sought spiritual development…

A

outside of established religious organizations

40
Q

4 strengths of the religious institution:

A
  1. Unites people
  2. Establishes morality (court system)
  3. Provides meaning and purpose
  4. Gives people hope
41
Q

Weakness of the religious system:

A
  1. Fundamentalism
  2. Secularization
  3. Calvinists promoted the rise of industrial capitalism
  4. New Age Movement removes unity
42
Q

Every society’s economy makes a statement about ____ by determining who gets what

A

justice

43
Q

2 general economic models worldwide

A

Capitalism (US) and Socialism

44
Q

3 distinctive features of capitalism

A
  1. Private ownership of property (free enterprise)
  2. Pursuit of personal profit
  3. Competition and consumer choice (ensures equality)
45
Q

Architect of Capitalism

A

Adam Smith

46
Q

3 distinctive features of socialism

A
  1. Collective ownership of property
  2. Pursuit of collective goals
  3. Government control of economy
47
Q

5 Impacts of a Global Economy

A
  1. Global division of labor
  2. Products pass through more than one nation
  3. National govts no longer completely control economic activity within their borders
  4. A small number of businesses operating internationally now controls a vast share of the world’s economic activity
  5. Rights and opportunities of workers
48
Q

3 major functions of the economic institution:

A
  1. Organize a society’s production of goods and services
  2. Distribution of goods and services
  3. Consumption of goods and services
49
Q

3 strengths of the economic institution:

A
  1. Capitalism = lots of productivity, higher overall standard of living, freedom
  2. Socialism = less income inequality and freedom from basic want
  3. Large corporations operate as multinationals, producing and distributing products in nations around the world
50
Q

3 weaknesses of the economic institution:

A
  1. Capitalism = greater inequality
  2. Socialism = less productivity and overall standard of living
  3. Young people and African Americans are at high risk of unemployment
51
Q

A formal organization that directs the political life of a society (one part of the political institution)

A

Government

52
Q

4 categories of political systems

A
  1. Monarchy
  2. Democracy
  3. Authoritarianism
  4. Totalitarianism
53
Q

Political system that gives power to the people as a whole (people have a right and responsibility)

A

Democracy

54
Q

Denies popular participation in government (can’t vote)

A

Authoritarianism

55
Q

Highly centralized political system that extensively regulates people’s lives

A

Totalitarianism

56
Q

2 reasons for voter apathy

A

Indifference & Alienation

57
Q

People are basically content with their lives; culture emphasizes an individual approach to problems

A

Indifference

58
Q

People are so deeply dissatisfied with society that they doubt elections will make any real difference

A

Alienation

59
Q

3 functions of the political institution:

A
  1. Distribute power within a society
  2. Set a society’s agenda
  3. Make decisions which guide the society
60
Q

3 strengths of the political institution:

A
  1. US govt has expanded over the last 2 centuries
  2. Political spectrum involves attitudes on both economic and social issues
  3. Special-interest groups advance the political aims of specific segments of the population
61
Q

3 weaknesses of the political institution:

A
  1. High voter apathy
  2. Nuclear weapons (spread and development)
  3. Terrorism employs violence in the pursuit of political goals
62
Q

4 MAJOR functions of education:

A
  1. Socialization
  2. Cultural Innovation (create and transmit culture)
  3. Social Integration (diverse -> unified norms and values)
  4. Social Placement (enhance meritocracy. -> upward social mobility)
63
Q

4 LATENT functions of education:

A
  1. Provision of child-care
  2. Occupies young adults in their 20s - removes competition in job market
  3. Bring together people of marriageable age
  4. Networking
64
Q

3 strengths of the educational institution:

A
  1. Public system = 13 years of education for all
  2. Government-backed loans
  3. Mainstream students with disabilities -> exposes students to diversity
65
Q

3 weaknesses of the educational institution:

A
  1. Lack of teachers (low salary, bureaucracy, class size)
  2. Declining academic standards
  3. Violence in schools
66
Q

2 functions of the medical institution:

A
  1. Combat disease

2. Improve health

67
Q

4 basic ways society affects health

A
  1. Cultural patters define health
  2. Cultural standards of health change over time
  3. Society’s technology affects health
  4. Social inequality affects overall health
68
Q

study of how health and disease are DISTRIBUTED throughout a society’s population

A

Epidemiology (mortality rates, life expectancy, diseased rates)

69
Q

4 major healthcare issues in the US

A
  1. Access to care
  2. The profit motive
  3. Medicine as politics
  4. Bioethics
70
Q

Strengths of the healthcare system:

A
  1. Advanced technology
  2. Best in the world for those who have money
  3. Surgical procedures
  4. Training of professionals
  5. Medical “miracles” that save lives
  6. Competition drives equality
71
Q

Weaknesses of the healthcare system

A
  1. 42 million in US have no health insurance
  2. Ranked 37 in world by WHO
  3. Americans pay more for healthcare
  4. Cost of competition
  5. “For Profit” theme
  6. Complicated financial system
  7. Spend more money of medical care per capita than any other country in the world

Sociology (1 decks)

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