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22PSY-1AL-C2 - MH > Social Influence: Explanations of Obedience - JA > Flashcards

Social Influence: Explanations of Obedience - JA Flashcards

1
Q

Define obedience

A

Where somebody acts in response to a direct order (1) from a perceived authority figure (1)

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2
Q

What is the key term for the following definition?

When someone reacts to a direct order from a perceived authority figure

A

Obedience

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3
Q

Which key researcher investigated if individuals would obey the orders of an authority figure, even if it led to negative consequences?

A

Milgram

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4
Q

What did Milgram AIM to investigate in his original study?

A

If individuals would obey the orders of an authority figure, even if it led to negative consequences

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5
Q

Who conducted a lab experiment at Yale University?

A

Milgram

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6
Q

What experimental method did Milgram use in his original obedience research and where did he conduct it?

A

Lab experiment at Yale University

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7
Q

Who were Milgram’s sample in his original obedience research?

A

40 American males aged 20-50

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8
Q

Who studied 40 American males aged 20-50? Were they investigating obedience or conformity?

A

Milgram investigating obedience

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9
Q

What was the teacher’s role (the real participant) in Milgram’s original experiment?

A

Deliver electric shocks to the learner

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10
Q

Who delivered electric shocks to the learner in Milgram’s original experiment?

A

The teacher (the participant)

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11
Q

What role did the confederate (fake participant) play in Milgram’s original obedience research?

A

The learner

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12
Q

In Milgram’s experiment, the learner was a fake participant. What is the key term for this?

A

A confederate

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13
Q

The shocks on the machine in Milgram’s research ranged from 15 volts to?

A

450 volts

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14
Q

The maximum voltage on Milgram’s shock machine was?

A

450 volts

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15
Q

What voltage did the shocks begin at on Milgram’s electric shock machine?

A

15 volts

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16
Q

The experimenter in Milgram’s researcher was giving orders to the teacher. What was the experimenter perceived as?

A

An authority figure

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17
Q

Who was the perceived authority figure in Milgram’s research?

A

The experimenter

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18
Q

The experimenter used prompts if the ‘teacher’ (participant) refused to shock the learner. Name two prompts the experimenter used.

A
  • “Please continue (or please go on).”
  • “The experiment requires that you continue.”
  • “It is absolutely essential that you continue.”
  • “You have no other choice; you must go on.”
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19
Q

What voltage did ALL participants in Milgram’s original study go up to when shocking the learners?

A

300 volts

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20
Q

What percentage of participants went to at least 300 volts in Milgram’s original obedience research?

A

100%/ All participants

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21
Q

What percentage of teachers (participants) went to the maximum 450 volts when shocking the learners in Milgram’s original study?

A

65%

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22
Q

65% of participants went to what voltage on the electric shock machine when shocking learners in Milgram’s original obedience research?

A

450 volts

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23
Q

What percentage of teachers (participants) stopped shocking learners at 300 volts in Milgram’s original research?

A

12.5%

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24
Q

12.5% of the teachers (participants) in Milgram’s original research did what?

A

stopped shocking learners at 300 volts

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25
Q

Name three situational variables that affect obedience

A

location

proximity

uniform

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26
Q

Proximity, location and uniform are all examples of what?

A

Situational variables affecting obedience

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27
Q

In Milgram’s original experiment obedience rates were 65% these dropped to what percentage when the experimenter left the room and gave instructions by telephone?

A

20.5%

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28
Q

In the proximity condition of Milgram’s research, what did he change when obedience levels dropped to 20.5%?

A

The experimenter left the room and gave orders to the teacher over the telephone

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29
Q

What situational variable affecting obedience is being investigated when the experimenter left the room and gave orders to the teacher over the telephone?

A

proximity

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30
Q

How did Milgram investigate location as a situational variable affecting obedience?

A

The location was changed from a prestigious university to a run-down office

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31
Q

What situational variable is Milgram investigating when he changes the experiment from a prestigious university to a run down office?

A

Location

32
Q

What did the obedience rate drop from and to when the location of Milgram’s research changed to a run down office?

A

65% to 48%

33
Q

Why do obedience rates drop to 20.5% when the experimenter leaves the room and gives orders to the teacher over the phone?

A

The closer an authority figure is to an individual, the more perceived authority they have and the more obedient that individual will be.

34
Q

Why did obedience levels drop when the location of Milgram’s research changed to a run down office?

A

The amount of perceived authority the experimenter had was reduced meaning individuals were less likely to obey

35
Q

What are the two explanations of obedience?

A

Legitimacy of authority and Agentic State

36
Q

legitimacy of authority and agentic state are examples of what

A

explanations of obedience

37
Q

What is meant by legitimacy?

A

Whether we accept something to be true

38
Q

What is meant by Legitmacy of authority?

A

whether we accept the power and status of authority figures

39
Q

What is an authority figure?

A

someone we believe to have power

40
Q

Give an example of an authority figure

A

parent, teacher, police officers

41
Q

Who determines the power and status of authority figures?

A

Society

42
Q

What does society determine in relation to authority figures?

A

their power and status

43
Q

When we see someone as being a legitimate authority figure what do we accept?

A

Their credentials and believe they know what they are doing

44
Q

What is ingrained in us from an early age when in the presence of an authority figure?

A

To Obey

45
Q

How do we know we need to obey authority figure?

A

it is ingrained in us from an early age.

46
Q

What is ingrained in us from an early age?

A

To obey authority figures.

47
Q

How do we know we are in the presence of an authority figure?

A

Uniform and location

48
Q

What can affect the legitimacy of an authority figure?

A

uniform and location

49
Q

When we change the location or the uniform of the authority figure, why does our perception of authority change?

A

location and uniform are mismatched, we no longer see them as being power and status

50
Q

What is meant by agentic state?

A

a state of mind where we remove responsibility from our selves to an authority figure

51
Q

What is meant by being ‘an agent of others’?

A

you act on behalf of an authority figure

52
Q

What do we call the state in which we believe we are responsible for our own actions?

A

Autonomous state

53
Q

What is meant by an autonomous state?

A

where we believe we are responsible for our own actions

54
Q

What do we call the process of moving from an autonomous state to an agentic state?

A

agentic shift

55
Q

What is an agentic shift?

A

Where we move from our autonomous state to an agentic state

56
Q

What is a famous example of agentic state?

A

Nazi Soldiers in World War 2

57
Q

When does agentic shift occur?

A

when someone perceives somebody as an authority figure

58
Q

agentic state: What determines whether we see someone as being an authority figure?

A

seeing if they have a higher position in a social hierarchy

59
Q

When responsibility is passed to the authority figure, what does this remove from the individual?

A

they no longer feel guilty

60
Q

Why do people no longer feel guilty when they act on the behalf of an authority figure?

A

They see themselves as carrying out the wishes of someone more knowledgeable

61
Q

Out of autonomous state and agentic state, which one is more likely to obey?

A

agentic state

62
Q

If the legitimacy of authority is affected, what happens to the levels of obedience?

A

it reduces the level of obedience

63
Q

AO3: Who provided research to support explanations of obedience?

A

Hofling

64
Q

AO3: What do we use Hofling for in explanations of obedience?

A

research to support

65
Q

AO3: What was Hoflings sample?

A

22 nurses on a hospital ward

66
Q

AO3: What did Hofling get the nurses to do?

A

an unknown doctor ordered them to administer a dangerous dose of drug to patients over the phone

67
Q

AO3: How many nurses in Hoflings research obeyed?

A

21 out of 22 nurses

68
Q

AO3: Why does Hoflings research support Legitimacy of authority as an explanation of obedience?

A

It shows that nurses will obey someone with more social hierarchy i.e. the unknown doctor

69
Q

Why does Hofling’s research support Agentic state as an explanation of obedience?

A

it shows that the nurses felt the doctor was responsible for their actions

70
Q

AO3: Bickman’s research supports which situational variable affecting obedience?

A

Power of uniform

71
Q

AO3: Power of uniform as a situational variable affecting obedience can be supported by whose research?

A

Bickman

72
Q

AO3: What 3 outfits did Bickman have his confederates dress in?

A
  • security guard
  • milkman
  • business man
73
Q

AO3: In Bickman’s research who were participants twice as likely to follow instructions from (obey)?

A

The security guard

74
Q

AO3: In Bickman’s research participants were how many more times likely to obey the security guard over the businessman and milkman?

A

Twice as likely

75
Q

AO3: Why does Bickman’s research support the power of uniform as a situational variable affecting obedience?

A

Demonstrates that the uniform gave the security guard legitimacy of authority and individuals are more likely to obey as a result.

22PSY-1AL-C2 - MH (40 decks)

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