Social Influence: Explanations of Obedience - JA

Question 1

Define obedience

Answer 1

Where somebody acts in response to a direct order (1) from a perceived authority figure (1)

Question 2

What is the key term for the following definition?

When someone reacts to a direct order from a perceived authority figure

Answer 2

Obedience

Question 3

Which key researcher investigated if individuals would obey the orders of an authority figure, even if it led to negative consequences?

Answer 3

Milgram

Question 4

What did Milgram AIM to investigate in his original study?

Answer 4

If individuals would obey the orders of an authority figure, even if it led to negative consequences

Question 5

Who conducted a lab experiment at Yale University?

Answer 5

Milgram

Question 6

What experimental method did Milgram use in his original obedience research and where did he conduct it?

Answer 6

Lab experiment at Yale University

Question 7

Who were Milgram’s sample in his original obedience research?

Answer 7

40 American males aged 20-50

Question 8

Who studied 40 American males aged 20-50? Were they investigating obedience or conformity?

Answer 8

Milgram investigating obedience

Question 9

What was the teacher’s role (the real participant) in Milgram’s original experiment?

Answer 9

Deliver electric shocks to the learner

Question 10

Who delivered electric shocks to the learner in Milgram’s original experiment?

Answer 10

The teacher (the participant)

Question 11

What role did the confederate (fake participant) play in Milgram’s original obedience research?

Answer 11

The learner

Question 12

In Milgram’s experiment, the learner was a fake participant. What is the key term for this?

Answer 12

A confederate

Question 13

The shocks on the machine in Milgram’s research ranged from 15 volts to?

Answer 13

450 volts

Question 14

The maximum voltage on Milgram’s shock machine was?

Answer 14

450 volts

Question 15

What voltage did the shocks begin at on Milgram’s electric shock machine?

Answer 15

15 volts

Question 16

The experimenter in Milgram’s researcher was giving orders to the teacher. What was the experimenter perceived as?

Answer 16

An authority figure

Question 17

Who was the perceived authority figure in Milgram’s research?

Answer 17

The experimenter

Question 18

The experimenter used prompts if the ‘teacher’ (participant) refused to shock the learner. Name two prompts the experimenter used.

Answer 18

• “Please continue (or please go on).”
• “The experiment requires that you continue.”
• “It is absolutely essential that you continue.”
• “You have no other choice; you must go on.”

Question 19

What voltage did ALL participants in Milgram’s original study go up to when shocking the learners?

Answer 19

300 volts

Question 20

What percentage of participants went to at least 300 volts in Milgram’s original obedience research?

Answer 20

100%/ All participants

Question 21

What percentage of teachers (participants) went to the maximum 450 volts when shocking the learners in Milgram’s original study?

Answer 21

65%

Question 22

65% of participants went to what voltage on the electric shock machine when shocking learners in Milgram’s original obedience research?

Answer 22

450 volts

Question 23

What percentage of teachers (participants) stopped shocking learners at 300 volts in Milgram’s original research?

Answer 23

12.5%

Question 24

12.5% of the teachers (participants) in Milgram’s original research did what?

Answer 24

stopped shocking learners at 300 volts

Question 25

Name three situational variables that affect obedience

Answer 25

location proximity uniform

Question 26

Proximity, location and uniform are all examples of what?

Answer 26

Situational variables affecting obedience

Question 27

In Milgram's original experiment obedience rates were 65% these dropped to what percentage when the experimenter left the room and gave instructions by telephone?

Answer 27

20.5%

Question 28

In the proximity condition of Milgram's research, what did he change when obedience levels dropped to 20.5%?

Answer 28

The experimenter left the room and gave orders to the teacher over the telephone

Question 29

What situational variable affecting obedience is being investigated when the experimenter left the room and gave orders to the teacher over the telephone?

Answer 29

proximity

Question 30

How did Milgram investigate location as a situational variable affecting obedience?

Answer 30

The location was changed from a prestigious university to a run-down office

Question 31

What situational variable is Milgram investigating when he changes the experiment from a prestigious university to a run down office?

Answer 31

Location

Question 32

What did the obedience rate drop from and to when the location of Milgram's research changed to a run down office?

Answer 32

65% to 48%

Question 33

Why do obedience rates drop to 20.5% when the experimenter leaves the room and gives orders to the teacher over the phone?

Answer 33

The closer an authority figure is to an individual, the more perceived authority they have and the more obedient that individual will be.

Question 34

Why did obedience levels drop when the location of Milgram's research changed to a run down office?

Answer 34

The amount of perceived authority the experimenter had was reduced meaning individuals were less likely to obey

Question 35

What are the two explanations of obedience?

Answer 35

Legitimacy of authority and Agentic State

Question 36

legitimacy of authority and agentic state are examples of what

Answer 36

explanations of obedience

Question 37

What is meant by legitimacy?

Answer 37

Whether we accept something to be true

Question 38

What is meant by Legitmacy of authority?

Answer 38

whether we accept the power and status of authority figures

Question 39

What is an authority figure?

Answer 39

someone we believe to have power

Question 40

Give an example of an authority figure

Answer 40

parent, teacher, police officers

Question 41

Who determines the power and status of authority figures?

Answer 41

Society

Question 42

What does society determine in relation to authority figures?

Answer 42

their power and status

Question 43

When we see someone as being a legitimate authority figure what do we accept?

Answer 43

Their credentials and believe they know what they are doing

Question 44

What is ingrained in us from an early age when in the presence of an authority figure?

Answer 44

To Obey

Question 45

How do we know we need to obey authority figure?

Answer 45

it is ingrained in us from an early age.

Question 46

What is ingrained in us from an early age?

Answer 46

To obey authority figures.

Question 47

How do we know we are in the presence of an authority figure?

Answer 47

Uniform and location

Question 48

What can affect the legitimacy of an authority figure?

Answer 48

uniform and location

Question 49

When we change the location or the uniform of the authority figure, why does our perception of authority change?

Answer 49

location and uniform are mismatched, we no longer see them as being power and status

Question 50

What is meant by agentic state?

Answer 50

a state of mind where we remove responsibility from our selves to an authority figure

Question 51

What is meant by being 'an agent of others'?

Answer 51

you act on behalf of an authority figure

Question 52

What do we call the state in which we believe we are responsible for our own actions?

Answer 52

Autonomous state

Question 53

What is meant by an autonomous state?

Answer 53

where we believe we are responsible for our own actions

Question 54

What do we call the process of moving from an autonomous state to an agentic state?

Answer 54

agentic shift

Question 55

What is an agentic shift?

Answer 55

Where we move from our autonomous state to an agentic state

Question 56

What is a famous example of agentic state?

Answer 56

Nazi Soldiers in World War 2

Question 57

When does agentic shift occur?

Answer 57

when someone perceives somebody as an authority figure

Question 58

agentic state: What determines whether we see someone as being an authority figure?

Answer 58

seeing if they have a higher position in a social hierarchy

Question 59

When responsibility is passed to the authority figure, what does this remove from the individual?

Answer 59

they no longer feel guilty

Question 60

Why do people no longer feel guilty when they act on the behalf of an authority figure?

Answer 60

They see themselves as carrying out the wishes of someone more knowledgeable

Question 61

Out of autonomous state and agentic state, which one is more likely to obey?

Answer 61

agentic state

Question 62

If the legitimacy of authority is affected, what happens to the levels of obedience?

Answer 62

it reduces the level of obedience

Question 63

AO3: Who provided research to support explanations of obedience?

Answer 63

Hofling

Question 64

AO3: What do we use Hofling for in explanations of obedience?

Answer 64

research to support

Question 65

AO3: What was Hoflings sample?

Answer 65

22 nurses on a hospital ward

Question 66

AO3: What did Hofling get the nurses to do?

Answer 66

an unknown doctor ordered them to administer a dangerous dose of drug to patients over the phone

Question 67

AO3: How many nurses in Hoflings research obeyed?

Answer 67

21 out of 22 nurses

Question 68

AO3: Why does Hoflings research support Legitimacy of authority as an explanation of obedience?

Answer 68

It shows that nurses will obey someone with more social hierarchy i.e. the unknown doctor

Question 69

Why does Hofling's research support Agentic state as an explanation of obedience?

Answer 69

it shows that the nurses felt the doctor was responsible for their actions

Question 70

AO3: Bickman's research supports which situational variable affecting obedience?

Answer 70

Power of uniform

Question 71

AO3: Power of uniform as a situational variable affecting obedience can be supported by whose research?

Answer 71

Bickman

Question 72

AO3: What 3 outfits did Bickman have his confederates dress in?

Answer 72

- security guard - milkman - business man

Question 73

AO3: In Bickman's research who were participants twice as likely to follow instructions from (obey)?

Answer 73

The security guard

Question 74

AO3: In Bickman's research participants were how many more times likely to obey the security guard over the businessman and milkman?

Answer 74

Twice as likely

Question 75

AO3: Why does Bickman's research support the power of uniform as a situational variable affecting obedience?

Answer 75

Demonstrates that the uniform gave the security guard legitimacy of authority and individuals are more likely to obey as a result.