Social Influence

Question 1

Internalization

Answer 1

Genuinely accepts group norms in private and public

Question 2

Identification

Answer 2

We conform because we identify with the group, even if we privately don’t agree with

Question 3

Compliance

Answer 3

‘Going along with it’ Superficial change, but not changing private opinions.

Question 4

Explanations for conformity: Informational Social Influence

Answer 4

Deutsch + Gerard 2 process-model
(The need to be right) We agree with opinions of the majority because we believe its correct. This can lead to internalization
Cognitive process

Question 5

Explanations for conformity: Normative social influence

Answer 5

Deutsch + Gerard 2 process-model

(Need to be liked) We agree with opinions because we want to be accepted, social approval, leads to compliance

Question 6

Evaluation Explanations for conformity: Support ISI

Answer 6

LUCAS 
Math's students
High conformity in poor ability students
People conform in situations where they feel they don't know the answer  
Supports what ISI predicts

Question 7

Evaluation Explanations for conformity: Individual differences

Answer 7

People less concerned with being liked - less likely to conform
MCGHEE + TEEVAN
Desire to be liked underlines conformity so can’t e applied to everyone.

Question 8

Evaluation Explanations for conformity: Support NSI

Answer 8

ASCH
Found people went along as other people did. P’s said they felt self conscious + afraid of disapproval.
When p’s wrote answer conformity fell to 12.5%
Shows people want approval

Question 9

Asch’s Research: Procedure

Answer 9

Procedure
Match the line to the standard line
123 male undergraduates i groups of 6-8
American p’s

Question 10

Asch’s Research: Findings

Answer 10

No conformity - 25%
Conformed at least once - 75%
P’s said they conformed to avoid rejection (support NSI)

Question 11

Asch’s Variations

Answer 11

1. Group size
   Smaller groups less effect on conformity, 3+ confederates had little effect.
2. Unanimity
   Presence of a non-conforming confederate had little effect
3. Task Difficulty
   Harder task - conformity increases ISI plays greater role.

Question 12

Evaluation Asch’s Research: ‘Child of it’s time’

Answer 12

Study was repeated in 1980 with students in UK
1/396 trials a student conformed
1950 - conformist time in US, less conformist nowadays
Not consistent

Question 13

Evaluation Asch’s Research: Artificial task

Answer 13

Demand characteristics - trivial task
Do not generalize to everyday situations
Consequences of conformity may be more important IRL

Question 14

Evaluation Asch’s Research: Lab Study

Answer 14

Increases the validity.

Question 15

Zimbardo’s Research: Procedure

Answer 15

Mock prison in basement 
Advertised for students 
Randomly assigned roles 
Prisoners only had numbers
Guards had uniforms

Question 16

Zimbardo’s Research: Findings

Answer 16

Study ended 6 / 14 days
Day 2 prisoners rebelled from harsh treatment
Showed signs of depression /anxiety
Guard behaviour was so brutal and aggressive The conformed more to social roles.
All conformed to their perception of the roles.

Question 17

Evaluation SPE: Control

Answer 17

Control over variable
Selection of participants, emotionally stable p’s were chosen but then randomly assigned
Meaning the behaviour shown was due to the environment and not emotional instability.
Increases internal validity

Question 18

Evaluation SPE: Lack of realism

Answer 18

P’s were acting rather than conforming. Based on stereotypes
One of the guards claimed he had based his role on a brutal film character

Question 19

Evaluation SPE: Quantitative data

Answer 19

90% of conversations were about prison life. Prisoner 416 expressed that the prison was real one.
High degree of internal validity.

Question 20

Milgram’s Research: Procedure

Answer 20

40 male p's
Newspaper advertising 
20-50yrs 
P's had to shock the confederate every wrong answer + increase voltage to fatal level 
4 standard prods were used

Question 21

Milgram’s Research: Findings

Answer 21

0% stopped before 300V
65% continued to highest level 450%
Signs of extreme tension, 3 had seizures

Question 22

Evaluation Milgram’s Research: Low Internal Validity

Answer 22

P’s could have guessed they weren’t real electric shocks
Similar were real shocks were given to a puppy and results were similar, supporting Milgrams study and shocks were thought to be genuine

Question 23

Evaluation Milgram’s Research: Good External Validity

Answer 23

The central feature was the authority figure in the lab setting, it reflects wider authority situations.
The process of obedience can be generalized to other situations.

Question 24

Evaluation Milgram’s Research: Ethical Issues

Answer 24

The allocation of roles were not random and p’s thought shocks were real. Deception and betrayal of trust to P’s. Mental stress, 3 p’s suffered seizures.

Question 25

Milgrams Situational Variables: Location

Answer 25

Changed the location to a rundown building, the experim enter had less authority in this environment

Question 26

Milgrams Situational Variables: Location

Answer 26

Changed the location to a rundown building, the experimenter had less authority in this environment

Question 27

Milgrams Situational Variables: Uniform

Answer 27

An ordinary member of the public took over in everyday clothes, obedience dropped to the lowest.

Question 28

Evaluation Milgrams Situational Variables: Lack Internal Validity

Answer 28

Lacks internal validity

Milgram admitted recognized the situation was contrived for ‘Uniform’ variable.