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Psychology AS > Social influence > Flashcards

Social influence Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 types of comformity

A

internalization
identification
complience

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2
Q

what is an example of a study for ISI?

A

jenness (1932) jelly beans

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3
Q

what is a study for NSI?

A

Asch study (1955) and the lines

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4
Q

what is conformity?

A

Yielding to group pressure (also known as majority influence

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5
Q

What was the aim of Jenness study?

A

to investigate whether individual judgements of jellybeans in a jar was influenced by a discussion in group

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6
Q

what is internalisation?

A

true compliance.

They agree with the group and even when leaving the group they still agree with the group

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7
Q

what does ISI stand for?

A

informative social influence

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8
Q

what does NSI stand for?

A

Normative social influence

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9
Q

what is ISI?

A

when you conform because you are uncertain about the situation

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10
Q

What is NSI?

A

when you conform because you wish to be liked by the group.

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11
Q

what is identification?

A

when a person agrees with the group both publicly and privately while in the group but when leaving the group they no longer agree

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12
Q

what is compliance?

A

Agrees with the group while in the group but privately they do not agree with the group

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13
Q

procedure of the jenness study?

A
  1. RPS made individual estimates
  2. discussed their estimates in groups
  3. group estimates created
  4. RPS then made a second individual private estimate
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14
Q

findings of the jenness study>?

A
  • individuals second private estimates tended to converge towards group estimates
  • women conformed more
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15
Q

conclusions of jenness study>?

A
  • judgements of individuals are affected by majority opinions
  • discussion is not effective in changing opinion
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16
Q

evaluation of the jenness study?

A
  • minimal deception as RPS did not know the aims of study
  • lab based experiment therefore lacked mundane realism
  • involved both nsi and isi
  • showed us that people conform to obviously wrong answers
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17
Q

aim of asch study?

A

to investigate the degree to which individuals would conform to a majority who gave obviously wrong answers

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18
Q

procedure of asch study?

A
  1. 123 students took part in a study they were told was about visual perception
  2. RPS placed in group with 7-9 others who were really confederates
  3. task = which comparison line A,B or C was thew same as the stimulus line on 18 different trials 12 of these were critical trials where confederates gave deliberate wrong answers
  4. control group of 36 participants to test how acceurate individual judgements were
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19
Q

findings of asch study?

A
  • control group had an error rate of 0.04%
  • 12 critical trials = 32% conformity rate to wrong answers
  • 75% conformed to at least 1 wrong answer
  • 5% conformed to all wrong answers
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20
Q

conclusions of asch study?

A
  • judgements of individuals are affected by majority influence
  • most RPS conformed publicly but not privately which means they were motivated by NSI
  • big individual differences in the amount to which people are affected by majority influence
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21
Q

evaluation of asch study?

A
  • 1 participant tested at once = uneconomical and time consuming
  • situation was unrealistic therefore lacked mundane realism
  • unethical as involved deciept
  • sample wasn’t very representative
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22
Q

Aim of mori and arai study?

A

to reproduce the asch experiment study without the need for confederates

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23
Q

procedure of mori and arai study?

A
  1. 104 RPS put in same sex groups of 4
  2. had to say aloud which of the 3 comparrison lines matched the stimulus line
  3. RPS wore sunglasses with the third rps in each group wearing different glasses
  4. 12 out of 18 were critical trials the other 6 were neutral trials
  5. rps then answered a questionnaire
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24
Q

findings of mori and arai study?

A
  • male conformity was not noticeable
  • minority of women conformed to wrong answers on average 4.41 times
  • majority of RPS who saw correct sized comparison lines answered incorrectly 8.2% of the time
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25
Q

conclusions of mori and arai study?

A
  • demand characteristics did not occur
  • women conformed more than men-suggests cultural and generational differences have occurred since aschs study.
  • no one laughed at any wrong answers which suggests fear of ridicule was not reason for conformity
26
Q

evaluation of mori and arai study?

A
  • new procedure could provide effective means of examining conformity
  • the new procedure is still unethical as rps were decieved to thing the sunglasses were used to prevent glare
  • both studies lack mundane realism
  • mori and arai’s study is more externally valid as rps new eachother
27
Q

what are situational variables?

A

features of an environment that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressure

28
Q

what are individual variables?

A

personal characteristics that affect the degree to which individuals yield to group pressures

29
Q

what are the 6 things which affect conformity?

A 
size of group 
unanimity
task difficulty
gender
mood
culture
30
Q

how does size of group affect conformity?

A

confomity rates increase as the size of a group increases

31
Q

how does unanimity affect conformity rates?

A

conformity rates decline when majority influence is not unanimous

32
Q

how does task difficulty affect conformity rates?

A

greater conformity rates are seen when task difficulty increases

33
Q

how does gender affect conformity rates?

A

research suggests that women conform more readily

34
Q

How does mood affect conformity rates?

A

people conform more when they are happy.

35
Q

how does culture affect conformity rates?

A

people from different cultures have been seen to conform more

36
Q

what are the ethical issues associated with Milgram’s study?

A

psychological harm
deception
right to withdraw
inducement to take part

37
Q

whos stduy was a study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison?

A

zimbardo et al 1973

38
Q

what was zimbardos aim?

A

to investigate to the extent to which people would confofm to the roles of guards and prisoner

39
Q

procedure of zimbardos study…

A
  1. rps responded to a newspaper advert
  2. basement of psychology department was converted into a mock prison
  3. prisoners were arrested fingerprinted stripped and deloused
  4. 9 prisoners placed 3 to a cell and a regular routine of shifts meal times were established.
  5. the study was planned to run for 2 weeks
40
Q

Findings of zimbardo study…

A
  1. both guards and prisoners settled into their social roles very well
  2. after 36 hours one prisoner was releeased due to a fit and crying
  3. 3 more prisoners developed similar symptoms and were released
  4. scheduled to run for 14 days stopped after 6 when zimbardo realised the extent of the harm being caused
  5. in interviews later both guards and prisoners said they were surprised by how they had acted.
41
Q

conclusions of zimbardo’s study…

A
  1. the situational hypothesis favored over the dispositional hypothesis
  2. indiciduals conform readily to the social roles demanded of a situation
  3. both guards and prisoners demonstarted social roles gained from media sources (e.g prison films)
42
Q

evaluation of zimbardo’s study?

A
  1. critics have said that although zimbardo asked for consent he became too involved
  2. individual differences are important
  3. zimbardo regards his study as a failure in the sense that prison conditions in USA are now ever worse than when he did the study
  4. the sample was all male therefore doesnt represnt the whole population
43
Q

what can you link the zimbardo study to?

A

Reicher and Haslam (2002)`

44
Q

what are the 5 methodological issues associated with milgram’s study?

A
  • the degree to which the findings are attributed to the effect of the IV on the DV
  • androcentrism
  • cultural bias
  • historcial validity
  • ecological validity
45
Q

what is the aim of Milgram 1963 ?

A

to see if individuals would obey the orders of an authority figure

46
Q

what is the procedure of Milgram’s study?

A

1.40 american males aged 20-50 responded to an advert to volunteer for a study of memory at yale
2. RPS were told that the experiment involved effects of punishment on learning
3. the experimentor then went on to say that the punishments would involve severe electric shocks. ranging from 15v-450v
4. the teacher was told to give a shock everytime the learner gave a wrong answer
5. with each mistake it got 15v higher
6 at 150v the learner demanded to be released
- 300v complained of heart pain
- 315v screamed
- 330 herd no more
he was encouraged to stay by verbal prods such as “the experiment requires you to continue”

47
Q

findings of the Milgram study?

A

Quantitative results-
original experiment = 62.5% obedience rate
100% of participants continued up to 300v

qualitative results- many RPS showed distress
some rps showed little if any signs of discomfort instead concentrated on what they were doing

48
Q

evaluation of Milgram’s study?

A
  • milgram established the basic method for studying obedience
  • it was intended as a pilot study
  • he was astounded by the results that he conducted 19 variations of the study
49
Q

who replicated milgrams study to see if people would still obey today?

A

burger 2009

50
Q

what was the aim of burgers study?

A

to develop a variation of milgram’s procedures allwoing comparison with the original investigation while protecting the well-being of RPS.

51
Q

procedure of burgers study?

A

most of milgrams procedure used following changes made:

  • no one with knowledge of milgram’s study used
  • maximum shock 150v
  • rps told they could withdraw at any time
  • 70 male and female rps were used
52
Q

findings of burger study?

A

obedience rate of 70%

no difference between male and female

53
Q

conclusions of burger study?

A

it is possible to recreate milgrams study in a fashion non-harmful to rps
obedience rates have not changed dramatically in the 50 odd years since milgram did his study
`

54
Q

evaluation of burger study?

A

burgers technique permits obedience research to be conducted that has not been possible for decades
the different procedures used by milgram and burger do not allow a clear comparison of results

55
Q

what are the explanations for obedience?

A

proximity
location
uniforms

56
Q

who did the behavioural study of obedience?

A

milgram 1963

57
Q

what was the aim of the Hofling et al study? (1966)

A

to see whether nurses would obey orders from an unknown doctor to such an extent there would be a risk of harm

58
Q

what was the procedure of the hofling et al study?

A
  • a confederate instructed 22 nurses over the phone to give a patient 20mg of an unfamiliar drug called astrofen
  • the label on the box said that 10mg was the daily dosage so if the nurse obeyed the instructions she would be giving twice the maximum dosage
  • hospital rules required doctors to sign authorisations before medications were given
  • another rule demanded that nurses should be sure that anyone giving medical instructions was a genuine doctor
59
Q

the findings of the hofling et al study?

A

of the 22 nurses 21 obeyed without hesitation
a control group of nurses asked what they would have done in that situation 21 said that they would not have obeyed without authorisation or exceed the maximum dosage

60
Q

conclusions of hofling et al study?

A

power and authority of the doctors was a greater influence than basic hospital rules
what people say they would do and what they actually do can be very different

61
Q

what is the evaluation of hofling et al study?

A

nurses and insitutional staff should have special training in following rules than authority figures

Psychology AS (4 decks)

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