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Psychology - Paper 1 > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

1
Q

Asch’s Study Aims + Procedures

A

Gave participants an ambiguous task
To measure the extent people conformed to opinions of others

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2
Q

Asch’s Findings

A

32% conformity rate

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3
Q

Asch’s Study - Limitations

A
  • Situation and task were artificial
  • Ethical issues (stress + consent)
  • Little real world application (only men tested)
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4
Q

Asch’s Study - Strengths

A
  • Task difficulty (increase line similarity)
  • Research support (Lucas et al)
  • High internal validity (lab experiment)
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5
Q

Lucas et al - Research support Asch

A

Maths questions
Given false answers
Higher difficulty higher conformity

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6
Q

3 types of conformity

A

Identification - public + private (temp)
Compliance - public
Internalization - deep + permanent

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7
Q

2 explanations for conformity

A

Normative Social Influence - need to be liked (conformity)

Informational Social Influence - need to be right (Internalization)

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8
Q

3 factors affecting conformity

A
  • Size of majority: conform to confederate
  • Unanimity: non conforming participant decreases conformity
  • Task difficulty: more ambiguous higher conformity
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9
Q

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment - Procedure

A

Effect of social roles on conformity
Mock prison
10 guards - uniform + power
11 prisoners - given number
Regular prison routine

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10
Q

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment - Findings

A
  • Dehumanisation increased
  • Prisoners extreme distress (submissive)
  • Guards became brutal
  • Stopped after 6 days
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11
Q

Zimbardo’s - Strengths

A
  • High ecological validity
  • Informed consent
  • Reality of roles
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12
Q

Zimbardo’s - Limitations

A
  • Based on role-playing (TV/movies)
  • Zimbardo’s loss of objectivity
  • Ethical issues
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13
Q

Milgram’s Obedience Study - Procedure

A
  • ‘Germans are different’ hypothesis
  • 40 American male participants
  • Yale University
  • Confederate: ‘Learner’ + ‘Experimenter’ (lab coat)
    > Told must continue
  • Participant: ‘Teacher’
  • Teacher fake shock everytime mistake
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14
Q

Milgram’s Obedience Study - Findings

A

65% obedience rate 450V
Obey authority figures even if harmful

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15
Q

Milgram - Strengths

A
  • Replicable (French TV)
  • High control
  • Real world application (Holocaust)
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16
Q

Milgram - Limitations

A
  • Ethical issues
  • Lack of ecological validity
  • Cultural bias (ethnocentric)
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17
Q

3 situational variables in obedience

A
  • Proximity: different room (40% conformity)
  • Location: moved to run down office (48% conformity)
  • Uniform: Bushman (72% obeyed in uniform)
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18
Q

Social Psychology Factors - Agentic State

A
  • Shifting responsibility for one’s actions onto someone else
  • Autonomous state (independent) > agentic state (behalf of authority)
  • Maintain positive self-image (no responsibility
  • Binding factors: shift blame to victim (reduce moral strain)
19
Q

Social Psychology Factors - Legitimacy of authority

A
  • Obey people further up a social hierarchy
  • Authority figures trusted + respected
  • Give authority figures control
  • Power abuse: eg Hitler
20
Q

Social Psychology Factors - Strength

A
  • Research support (Milgram)
  • Real world application (Holocaust)
21
Q

Social Psychology Factors - Limitations

A
  • Doesn’t explain all obedience (Milgram not %100)
  • Ignores individual differences
  • Cultural differences
22
Q

The Authoritarian Personality - Adorno et al

A

Unconscious attitudes to other racial groups
2000 white middle class Americans
F scale
Interview
Observation

23
Q

Adorno et al - findings

A

High scores:
- Rigid thinkers
- Hostile towards inferior (Prejudice minority)
- Extreme respect authority

24
Q

Authoritarian Personality - Strengths

A
  • Research support (Elms & Milgram)
  • Explains individual differences
25
Authoritarian Personality - Limitations
- F-Scale politically biased (right wing - Response bias - Can't generalise
26
Resistance to social influence - Social support
- Conformity Resistance: dissenter reduces conformity (eg: Asch) - Obedience Resistance: dissenter reduces obedience (eg: Milgram: 65% >10%)
27
Resistance to social influence - LOC
Rotter: Internal LOC: - Control with themselves - Greater resistance to social influence External LOC: - Control outside themselves
28
Twenge et al - Research support LOC
- Meta analysis - Externality > poor school achievement - Increase in divorce rates/crime
29
Resistance to Social Influence - Strengths
- Research support (Holland) - Real world application (Rosenstrasse Protest)
30
Resistance to Social Influence - Limitations
- More externals (Twenge et al) - Cultural differences - Doesn't fully explain - Redutionalist
31
Holland - Resistance to social inlfuence: Research support
- Repeated Milgram - 37% internals not continue - Internal LOC more likely to resist obedience
32
Minority Influence
Small group influence majority Lead to internalisation **Consistency**: consistent message **Commitment**: dedication + confidence **Flexibility**: adapt + cooperate
33
Snowball effect
'More' people become converted Over time
34
Moscovici et al's study - Minority Influence - Procedure
6 participants 4 naïve, 2 stooges Shown 36 blue slides 3 groups (consistent, inconsistent, no confederates)
35
Moscovici et al's study - Minority Influence - Findings
Consistent: 8% wrong Inconsistent: 1.25% wrong Control: <1%
36
Minority Influence - Strengths
- Research support (Moscovici et al) - Real world application (suffragettes) - Research support (Martin et al)
37
Minority Influence - Limitations
- Artificial tasks - Limited sample (females) - Cultural bias
38
Social Change through minority infleunce
eg: Suffragette movement 1: Drawing attention 2: Consistency 3: Deeper processing 4: Augmentation principle - suffer for cause 5: Snowball effect 6: Social cryptomensia - change, minority forgotten
39
Social change through majority influence (conformity)
-Normative influence eg: think heavy drinking is norm, will drink more -Social Norms Interventions eg: don't drink and drive campaigns
40
Social Change through minority/majority influence - Strengths
- Real world application - Research support - Social influence leads long term change
41
Social Change through minority/majority influence - Limitations
- Oversimplification - Cultural bias - Minority influnce slow + ineffective - Ethical issues
42
Marin et al - Minority Influence Research Support
Role of deeper processing Gave participants message Heard endorsement of view Heard conflicting view Less willing change opinions to conflicting view
43
Elms and Milgram - Authoritarian Personality Research Support
Interview 20 obedient from Milgram study Scored higher on F-Scale

Psychology - Paper 1 (3 decks)

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