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psychology alevel aqa > social influence > Flashcards

social influence Flashcards

topic 1/4 paper 1

1
Q

what is internalisation?

A
  • deepest form of conformity
  • personal beliefs change to match the group
  • permanent change in belief
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2
Q

what is identification?

A
  • conform to group behaviour privately and publicly
  • does not believe in the values
  • temporary, does not fully conform
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3
Q

what is compliance?

A
  • public conforming to group behaviours
  • privately keeps own values
  • most shallow and temporary
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4
Q

what features are in the dual process model

A
  • NSI (normative social influence)
    ISI (informational social influence)
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5
Q

what is normative social influence?

A
  • individuals want to seem normal and in the majority
  • no change in personal values
  • results in compliance
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6
Q

what is informative social influence?

A
  • correct behaviour is unclear
  • look to the majority for guidance
    results in internalisation
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7
Q

what were Asch’s aims?

A

examine how social pressure from the majority causes someone to conform

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8
Q

describe the Asch study on variations

A
  • 50 male American students
  • believed it was a vision test
  • line judgement task
  • one participant in a room with seven confederates
  • state whether A, B or C was most like the target line
  • answer was always clear
  • confederates gave wrong answer for 12/18 trials
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9
Q

findings of Asch’s study

A
  • participants conformed to majority view 32% of the time
  • 74% conformed at least once
  • 26% did not conform
  • 0.04% of control group conformed at least once
  • control group had one real participant without confederates
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10
Q

what did Asch find post-interview?

A
  • most knew they were wrong but conformed to fit in or because they thought they would be ridiculed
  • showed NSI
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11
Q

Asch’s variation study; group size

A
  • 3% conformed with one confederate
  • 13% conformed with two confederates
  • 33% conformed with three confederates (did not increase with larger group)
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12
Q

Asch’s variation study; unanimity

A
  • conformity drops to 5.5% if confederate gives correct answer right before participant
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13
Q

Asch’s variation study; task difficulty

A
  • made difference between line length smaller
  • conformity increased with difficulty
  • effect of ISI
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14
Q

AO3 Asch; generalisability

A
  • not generalisable
  • used a sample of white, American males
  • lacks population validity
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15
Q

AO3 Asch; reliability

A
  • high internal validity
  • can be easily replicated
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16
Q

Support for Asch; Jenness & bean bottle

A
  • 101 psychology students
  • individually estimate number of beans in bottle
  • then split into groups of 3 and asked to discuss
  • re-stated new estimate of beans
  • average of M; 790 changed to 695
  • average of F; 925 changed to 878
  • nearly all participants changed answers post-discussion
  • conformity in an ambiguous situation, ISI
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17
Q

AO3 Jenness; mundane realism & ethnocentric

A
  • lacks, not a daily task
  • not generalisable as only American students used
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18
Q

what were Zimbardo’s aims?

A
  • investigate reason for high aggression in American prisons
  • due to environment or dispositions
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19
Q

describe Zimbardo’s study on conformity to social roles

A
  • created a fake prison in Stanford University
  • 21 male students rated mentally and physically able from 75 volunteers
  • selected from volunteering through advert
  • 10 guards, 11 prisoners selected randomly
  • prisoners given realistic arrest at house; fingerprinted, stripped and deloused, given uniform and identification number
  • guards given uniforms, clubs, handcuffs and mirrored sunglasses to prevent eye contact
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20
Q

what were Zimbardo’s findings?

A
  • both prisoners and guards quickly adapted to roles of dominance and submission
  • by 6th day experiment was cancelled due to extreme effects & fear for prisoners mental health
  • participants conformed to social roles, showing situational power of prison
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21
Q

AO3 Zimbardo; generalisability

A
  • sampled American men
  • Reichler & Haslam’s sample used English people
  • roles of prisoner were aggressive, guards were calm
  • both are examples of internalisation of roles that work differently between cultures (to test reliability conduct multicultural tests)
22
Q

AO3 Zimbardo; internal validity

A
  • lacks,
  • only 1/3 of guards were excessively aggressive
  • both prisoners and guards may have been acting according to stereotypes within media
23
Q

AO3 Zimbardo; ethics

A
  • highly unethical
  • exposure to psychological and physical harm
  • experiment should have been stopped earlier (at 2 days)
24
Q

AO3 Zimbardo; dispositional factors

A
  • natural Authoritarian personality influencing conformity
  • stereotypes (one guard said he based his off a movie he saw)
25
Q

AO3 obedience Milgram aims

A
  • investigate if ordinary American citizens would obey an unjust order from an authority figure
26
Q

Milgram original study sample

A
  • 40 white males
  • aged 20-50
  • through volunteer sampling
27
Q

Milgram original study results

A
  • 100% went up to 300V
  • 12.5% stopped at 300V
  • 65% continued administering shocks until 450V
  • under the correct circumstances, people will obey even if it causes harm
  • power of legitimate authority
28
Q

Milgram original study procedure

A
  • participants assigned role of teacher (‘randomly’), instructed to administer electric shocks to a learner
  • shocks increased 15V up to a maximum of 450V
  • participants told to shock every incorrect answer
29
Q

AO3; Banuazizi & Movahedi

A
  • published critique of Stanford Prison experiment
  • argued experiment did not show participants were consumed by their roles
  • participants acted out stereotypical roles due to cues (demand characteristics)
30
Q

minority influence AO3 Moscovici et al (CONSISTENCY)

A
  • green and blue slides
  • re-run of Asch’s experiment
  • 2 confederates with 4 participants
  • shown 36 slides of different blue shades and asked colour
31
Q

AO3 Moscovici procedure

A
  • trial 1: confederates said green for all
  • trial 2: green 24 times and blue 12 times
32
Q

AO3 Moscovici findings

A
  • consistent majority (trial 1) had effect on majority 8.42%
  • inconsistent majority (trial 2) had less effect 1.25% said green
  • 32% said the slides were green at least once
33
Q

commitment

A

minority demonstrates suffering for their views while still committing (augmentation principle: suffering for your views)

34
Q

consistency

A

minority demonstrates they are confident in their views to change majority

35
Q

flexibility

A

minority considers counter-points and compromises, but essentially sticks to their own views

36
Q

minority influence AO3 Vietnamese monk (COMMITMENT)

A
  • burning himself on a street to protest unfair treatment to Buddhists
  • popularly distributed in Europe as postcards
  • turned world opinion against Vietnam, government fell later in the year
37
Q

minority influence AO3 Nemeth (FLEXIBILITY)

A
  • 3 participants, 1 confederate (acted as minority) in a mock jury
  • imaginary victim of ski accident and compensation
  • trial 1: confederate initially showed inflexibility by not changing level of compensation
  • trial 2: confederate showed flexibility by raising offer slightly.
38
Q

AO3 Nemeth findings

A
  • more likely to lower compensation level closer to confederate’s in trial 2
39
Q

social change

A
  • change that occurs within a whole society, rather than individuals
40
Q

snowball effect

A

members of the majority are slowly converted by the minority as legitimacy in group increases. minority becomes majority

41
Q

group membership

A

we are more likely to change views by a member that we identify with (age, gender, race, sexuality etc)

42
Q

social cryptoamnesia

A

individuals fail to recall the origin of a change, where people know the change occured but forget how it occured

43
Q

Mass et al hetero view on homo

A
  • heterosexual males attempted to convince other males about the importance of gay rights
  • compared with condition of homosexual males attempting to convince other males of gay rights
44
Q

Mass et al findings

A
  • straight men were best convinced by other heteros
  • demonstrates importance of group membership in minority influence
45
Q

AO3 minority influence; real world application

A
  • knife crime, smoking in public places, green issues like climate change, suffragists
  • members of a minority group are often victimised and not listened to by majority groups as they are viewed as the ‘out group’
46
Q

AO3 Milgram; ethics

A
  • informed consent: participants not told true aims of the study
  • right to withdraw: had to ask 4 times before they were allowed to leave
  • protection from harm: some suffered from moral strain and high anxiety
47
Q

legitimate authority

A

exercise social power over others and can make decisions

48
Q

agency theory

A
  • when we are responsible for our own actions, we are in an autonomous state
  • when one changes from an autonomous state to an agentic state, it is an agentic shift
  • when an individual carries out orders of an authority figure, it is an agentic state
49
Q

Milgram’s variation studies; proximity

A
  • affects participant’s awareness of how shocks affect the learner
  • physical location, when learner and teacher were in the same room, obedience dropped to 40%
  • when teacher had to place learner’s hand on shock plate, obedience dropped to 30%
50
Q

Milgram’s variation studies; location

A
  • legitimate authority influences likelihood of obedience
  • when in an office block in a run-down area, obedience dropped to 47.6%
51
Q
A

psychology alevel aqa (10 decks)

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