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pyschology paper 1 : social influence, memory and attachment > social influence > Flashcards

social influence Flashcards

1
Q

What is conformity?

A

A type of social influence, it is defined as yielding to group pressures.

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2
Q

What THREE types of conformity did Kelman propose?

A

Internalisation
Identification
Compliance

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3
Q

What is internalisation?

A

Making the beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviour of a group, your own.

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4
Q

What is identification?

A

Temporary or short-term change of behaviour in the presence of a group.

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5
Q

What is compliance?

A

This means to follow other people’s ideas, even if you don’t agree.

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6
Q

WHAT IS THE TERM?
When someone conforms because they want to be right so they look to others by copying or obeying them

A

Informational Social Influence

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7
Q

What is the evidence for informational social influence?

A

Fein et al (2007)

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8
Q

What is Fein et al (2007) study?

A

Participants were asked to vote for a US president after they saw others voting for another candidate. Most of the P’s changed their mind, wanting to seem correct, which implies the impact of informational social influence as a mechanism for conformity.

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9
Q

What is normative social influence?

A

When someone conforms because they want to be liked and be part of a group.

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10
Q

ASCH’S LINE STUDY:

How many participants were in the study?
What gender were they?
What was their nationality?
LImitations of this?

A

123 participants
Male
American
Lack of population validity, these results cannot be generalised to other nationalities or gender.

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11
Q

ASCH’S LINE STUDY:

What was the aim of the study?

A

To investigate conformity and majority influence.

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12
Q

ASCH’S LINE STUDY:

What was the procedure?

A

Participants and confederates were presented with 4 lines; 3 comparison lines and 1 standard line
• They asked to state which of three lines was the same length as a stimulus line
• The real participant always answered last or second to last
• Confederates would give the same incorrect answer for 12 out of 18 trials
• Asch observed how often the participant would give the same incorrect answer as the confederates versus the correct answer

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13
Q

ASCH’S LINE STUDY:

What did the study find?

A

36.8% conformed
25% never conformed
75% conformed atleast ONCE

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

The factors that affect the level of conformity are group size, task difficulty and unamity.

A

TRUE

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15
Q

ASCH’S LINE STUDY:

What were the strengths of the study?

A

High internal validity
Extraneous variables : LAB EXPERIMENT
Supports normative social influence

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16
Q

ASCH’S LINE STUDY:

What were the weaknessess of the study?

A

Lacks ecological validity
Lacks population validity
Lack of consent

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17
Q

Conformity to Social Rules: ZIMBARDO

Who were the participants?

A

24 American male undergraduate students

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18
Q

Conformity to Social Rules: ZIMBARDO

What was the aim of the experiment?

A

To investigate how readily people would conform to social roles in a simulated enviroment.

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19
Q

Conformity to Social Rules: ZIMBARDO

What was the procedure of the experiment?

A

The basement of the Stanford University psychology building was converted into a simulated prison. American student volunteers were paid to take part in the study.
They were randomly issued one of two roles; guard or prisoner.
Both prisoners and guards had to wear uniforms.
Prisoners were only referred to by their assigned number.
Guards were given props like handcuffs and sunglasses.
No one was allowed to leave the simulated prison.
The guards were allowed to control behaviour, in order to emphasise their complete power over the prisoners.
No physical violence was permitted, in line with ethical guidelines and to prevent complete overruling. The behaviour of the participants was observed.

20
Q

Conformity to Social Rules: ZIMBARDO

What were the findings of the experiment?

A

Identification occurred very fast, as both the prisoners and guards adopted their new roles and played their part in a short amount of time.
Guards began to harass and torment prisoners in harsh and aggressive ways – they later reported to have enjoyed doing so and relished in their new-found power and control.
Prisoners would only talk about prison issues forgetting about their previous real life.
This is significant evidence to suggest that the prisoners believed that the prison was real, and were not acting simply due to demand characteristics.
They would even defend the guards when other prisoners broke the rules, reinforcing their social roles as prisoner and guard, despite it not being real.
The guards became more demanding of obedience and assertiveness towards the prisoners while the prisoners become more submissive.
This suggests that the respective social roles became increasingly internalised.

21
Q

Conformity to Social Rules: ZIMBARDO

What were the strengths of the experiment?

A

Real life applications
Help was offered prior to the study.

22
Q

Conformity to Social Rules: ZIMBARDO

What were the weaknessess of the experiment?

A

Lacks ecological validity
Lacks population validity
Ethical issues

23
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR OBEDIENCE:

What is the agentic state?

A

This is when someone believes that someone else will take responsibility for their actions. People are more likely to conform in the agentic state as they do not believe there will be a consequence for their actions.

24
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR OBEDIENCE:

What is meant by legitimacy of authority?

A

This describes how credible the figure of authority is. People are more likely to conform if they believe the figure is credible.

25
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR OBEDIENCE:

TRUE OR FALSE: A person is less likely to conform when a figure is in uniform.

A

FALSE

26
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING OBEDIENCE, AS STUDIED BY MILGRAM:

PICK THE CORRECT LETTER:

A} the participants were 34 English females
B} the participants were 40 male volunteers
C} the participants were members of Milgram’s family

A

B} They were 40 randomly selected male volunteers.

27
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING OBEDIENCE, AS STUDIED BY MILGRAM:

What was the aim of the study?

A

To observe whether people would obey a figure of authority, even if it meant hurting someone.
IE evaluating the influence of a destructive authority figure.

28
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING OBEDIENCE, AS STUDIED BY MILGRAM:

What is the procedure of the study?

A

A participant given the role of ‘teacher’ and a confederate given the role of ‘learner’.
This was decided through a random allocation.
Participant had to ask the confederate a series of questions. Whenever the confederate got the answer wrong, the participant had to give him an electric shock, even when no answer was given.
The electric shocks incremented by 15 volts at a time, ranging from 300V to 450V, where 330V was marked as ‘lethal’. Participants thought the shocks were real when in fact there were no real shocks administered, and the confederate was acting.
The shocks were falsely demonstrated to be real prior to the start of the study.
Participants were assessed on how many volts they were willing to shock the confederate with.
The experimenter’s role was to give a series of orders / prods when the participant refused to administer a shock, which increased in terms of demandingness for every time the participant refused to administer a shock. The same 4 prods were used each time when participants refused to administer the shocks. The first 3 demanded obedience to science, whereas the final prod demanded obedience specifically to the confederate.

29
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING OBEDIENCE, AS STUDIED BY MILGRAM:

What percentage of the participants delivered:
A} 300V
B} 450V
C} Stopped at 300V

A

A} 100%
B} 65%
C} 12.5%

30
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING OBEDIENCE, AS STUDIED BY MILGRAM:

What THREE factors affected the obedience rate?

A

Proximity
Location
Uniform

31
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING OBEDIENCE, AS STUDIED BY MILGRAM:

What two of these is the odd one out?

A} The strengths of the study were : debriefing , real-life applications , high internal validity
B] The strengths of the study were: real-life applications, population validity and ecological validity
C] The strengths of the study were: highly replicable, ecological validity and population validity.

A

B and C

32
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING OBEDIENCE, AS STUDIED BY MILGRAM:

Fill in the blanks:

The weaknessess of the study were its E ( 6 letters ) i (5 letters) , it’s lack of i*** validity and it’s lack of ecological validity.

A

1) E I : Ethical Issues
2) Internal

33
Q

THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY:

Who found this trait?

A

Adorno

34
Q

THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY:

Are people with this personality less or more likely to conform?

A

More likely

35
Q

THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY:

If you have this trait, what do you believe?

A

That people should completely obey or conform to authority figures

36
Q

EXPLANATIONS OF RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL INFLUENCE:

What did Rotter (1966) say regarding the locus of control?

A

The locus of control is a measurement of an individuals sense of control over their lives.

37
Q

EXPLANATIONS OF RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL INFLUENCE:

If a person has an internal locus of control, what do they believe?

A

Behaviour is caused by their own efforts and personal decisions.

38
Q

EXPLANATIONS OF RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL INFLUENCE:

What does it mean when someone has an external locus of control?

A

Behaviour is caused by luck or fate.

39
Q

MINORITY INFLUENCE: MOSCOVICI

Were the participants randomly selected, or intentionally selected?

A

Randomly selected.

40
Q

MINORITY INFLUENCE: MOSCOVICI

What was the aim of the study?

A

To observe how minorities can influence a majority.

41
Q

MINORITY INFLUENCE: MOSCOVICI

What was the procedure of the study?

A

• It was a lab experiment
• Participants were in a group where there were two confederates (the minority) and four participants (the majority).
• Everyone was shown 36 blue slides, each with a different shade of blue.
• They were each asked to say whether the slide was blue or green.
• Confederates deliberately said they were green on two-thirds of the trials, thus producing a consistent minority view.
• The number of times that the real participants reported that the slide was green was observed.
• A control group was also used consisting of participants only – no confederates..

42
Q

MINORITY INFLUENCE: MOSCOVICI

What were the findings for the study?

A

When the confederates were consistent in their answers about 8% of participants said the slides were green. However, when the confederates answered inconsistently about 1% of participants said the slides were green. This shows that consistency is crucial for a minority to exert maximum influence on a majority.

43
Q

MINORITY INFLUENCE: MOSCOVICI

What are the three aspects needed to ensure the minority influences the majority?

A

Consistency
Committment
Flexibility

44
Q

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN SOCIAL CHANGE:

What is the main cause of social change?

A

Minority influence

45
Q

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN SOCIAL CHANGE:

TRUE OR FALSE: The snowball effect is when a new idea spreads and builds up over time, to form it from a minority influence to a majority one.

A

TRUE

pyschology paper 1 : social influence, memory and attachment (2 decks)

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