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AQA PSYCHOLOGY A LEVEL > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

Conformity

A

A change in a persons behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group

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2
Q

Types of conformity

A

Compliance, Internalisation, Identification

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3
Q

Explanations for conformity

A

Normative social influence (NSI) and Informational Social Influence (ISI)

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4
Q

Compliance

A

When an individual goes with the majority groups viewpoint to avoid disapproval. This does not change their underlying attitude, but will change their public opinion.

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5
Q

Internalisation

A

Genuinely accepts group norms. Public and private change of opinions/behaviour- agree with view even in absence of group members. Attitudes have become part of how individual thinks.

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6
Q

Identification

A

The adopting of a groups attitudes and behaviours since they want to be associated with them, changing both their public and private opinion.

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7
Q

Normative social influence

A

Conforming to the view in public to be liked and to avoid rejection from the group. Emotional process: don’t want to look foolish, prefer social approval over rejection

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8
Q

Informational social influence

A

Where an individual conforms to be right, more likely to happen in ambiguous situations when an individual is uncertain about what behaviours/beliefs are right or wrong.

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9
Q

Conformity: Asch’s Study [procedure]

A

123 American Make Students
Naive Ps tested individually with a group of 6-8 confederates
Had to identify length of standard line (to 3 comparison lines- 2 clearly wrong)
Confederates gave correct answer on first few trials and same wrong answer on 12/18 trials

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10
Q

Conformity: Asch’s Study [findings]

A

Ps gave wrong answer on 36.8% of trials- High level of conformity
75% confirmed in at least one trial
25% never confirmed
-Conformity even in an unambiguous situation
Most said confirmed to avoid rejection (NSI) but continues to trust own priv opinion (compliance)

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11
Q

Conformity: Asch’s Study [Variations- Group Size]

A

Number of confederates
2 confederates: conformity to wrong answer 13.6%
3 confederates: rose to 31.8%
Adding more made little difference

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12
Q

Conformity: Asch’s Study [variations- unanimity]

A

Introduced confederate (dissenting but inaccurate)
Reduced conformity
Enabled people to behave more independently
Suggested influence of majority depends on unanimity

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13
Q

Conformity: Asch’s Study [variations- task difficulty]

A

Making stimulus lines/comparison lines more similar in length
Conformity increases: ISI plays greater role when tasks harder
More ambiguous situation- look to others for what is right

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14
Q

Perrin and Spencer’s engineering students

A

1980- Asch variation in the UK with engineering students
Only one student confirmed in a total of 396 trials

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15
Q

Conformity: Asch’s Study (artificial task)

A

Knew they were being studied- may have guessed aim and responded to demand characteristics
Trivial task- no reason to not conform
‘group’ did not resemble most groups in everyday life
Does not generalise to everyday life

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16
Q

Conformity: Asch’s study (gender bias)

A

Only men tested- maybe subject to bias
Women may be more conformist (more concerned about social relationships/being accepted)

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17
Q

Why Asch’ original research lacks temporal validity

A

1950s America was a highly conformist time

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18
Q

Bond and Smith 1996- Asch Conformity

A

Asch’s study but with collectivist cultures. Conformity much higher
American ps: individualist culture (individual needs over group)
Smith & Bond suggest higher conformity rates on collectivist culture (group needs over individual)

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19
Q

Zimbardo’s procedure

A

Stanford prison experiment
24 male volunteers (all found to be psychologically healthy)
Randomly assigned role of prisoner or guard
Prisoners arrested from their house by real police and taken through real procedure
-Were stripped and humiliated, given a smock to wear and a number that would replace their name
- Guards had uniform, carried batons and wore reflective sunglasses
(Physical abuse not allowed)

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20
Q

Zimbardo’s findings

A

Study had to be stopped after 6 days not 14 because it escalated too dramatically
One prisoner had a psychological break down, one went on hunger strike (3 were released even earlier)
Guards seemed to enjoy the psychological torture- humiliated prisoners and divided them
Prisoners became subsided,depressed and anxious

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21
Q

Zimbardo’s conclusion

A

Everyone confirmed - social roles can cause even normal people to become brutal

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22
Q

Social role definition

A

The parts people play as members of various social groups, and the expected behaviour of a person in that role.

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23
Q

Reason for zimbardo’s research

A

He wanted to investigate the situational explanation behind why police were so brutal in American prisons

24
Q

Dispositional factor

A

To do with the person

25
Q

Situational Factor

A

To do with the situation

26
Q

Evaluation of zimbardo’s research: ethical issues

A

Deception, psychological harm, right to withdraw

27
Q

Evaluation of zimbardo’s research: realistic

A

Prisoners conversations were 90% to do with prison life
Banuazizi and Mohavedi- believed the participants were play acting

28
Q

Milgrams original procedure

A

1963
40 male participants
One participant and one confederates were ‘randomly allocated’ position of teacher and learner. Participant was always teacher
They thought it was an experiment into effect of punishment on memory
They were to give learner a shock every time they forgot a word (mistakes were controlled)
15-450 volts (response to volts controlled)
Naive participants would be told to continue if they felt unsure about continuing

29
Q

Reasons for Milgrams research

A

To work out why ordinary Germans followed Hitlers orders in the Holocaust

30
Q

Milgrams findings

A

No participants stopped below 300 volts
12.5% stopped at 300v
65% went on to 450v
Participants showed signs of clear moral strain and tension: sweating, trembling, biting their lips, groaning, laughing
3 had full blown uncontrollable seizures
84% said they were glad to have taken part

31
Q

Low internal validity- Milgrams study

A

Gina Perry listened to the tapes and states many expressed doubts about it being real

32
Q

Situational variables to obedience

A

Proximity, location, uniform

33
Q

Proximity variable

A

Same room- teacher and learner were in the same room 40%
Touch proximity- Teacher forced learners hand onto the plate 30%
Remote instruction- Experimenter gave instructions over the phone 20.5%

34
Q

Location Variable

A

Done in a run down building rather than Yale 47.5%

35
Q

Uniform variable

A

The experimenter in a white coat went away and had an “ordinary member of the public” act as the experimenter 20%

36
Q

Evaluate situational variables- Milgram

A

Research support- Bickman (1974) conducted field study in NYC. He had someone dressed as a security guard, a milkman and a business man
People were 2x likely to listen to the guard than the businessman
Low internal validity- extra manipulation (demand characteristics)

37
Q

Agentic state

A

A mental state where we feel no personal responsibility for our behaviour because we are acting for an authority figure

38
Q

Agent

A

Someone who acts under the order of an authority figure

39
Q

Autonomous state

A

Believing in free will

40
Q

Agentic shift

A

Moving from being in an autonomous state to an Agentic state usually due to the presence of an authority figure

41
Q

Legitimacy of authority

A

An explanation for obedience that suggests we are more likely to obey people who we see to have more power over us. It is justified by their position of power in social hierarchy

42
Q

Evaluate Agentic state

A

Blasts and Schmitt 2001- showed a film of Milgrams research to students
They felt the experimenter should be held responsible for the harm done dud to legitimacy of authority
Limited- doesn’t explain why some people didn’t obey

43
Q

Evaluate legitimacy of authority

A

Cultural differences- in different counties authority is more or less likely to be accepted as legitimate and therefore obedience changes
(Australia 16% and Germany 85%)

44
Q

Authoritarian personality

A

A type of personality that Adorno argues was especially susceptible to obeying people on authority.
They are submissive to those of higher status and dismissive of inferiors

45
Q

Adorno et al

A

1950- Authoritarian personality
F-scale personality questionnaire
2000 middle class white Americans
Those who scored high identified with strong people and were contemptuous of the weak
Strong positive correlation between authoritarianism and prejudice

46
Q

Authoritarian characteristics

A

Tendency to be especially obedient to authority
Extreme respect and are submissive
Condemn people they see as being inferior
Have strong opinions about gender/race/sex
They believe we need strong leaders and have traditional views
Inflexible and uncomfy with uncertainty

47
Q

Causes of authoritarian personality

A

Harsh parenting: impossibly high standards, severe criticisms of perceived failings
Conditional love
Resentment towards this are displaced towards those who are weaker (scapegoating)

48
Q

Resistance to social influence definition

A

The ability of people to withstand the social pressure to conform to majority or obey an authority figure.

49
Q

Situational explanation to resistance to social influence

A

Social support
Conformity: the pressure to conform decreases in the presence of someone else who resists
Act as a model and if the model starts to conform again so do they
Obedience- rate of obedience dropped from 65% to 20% in a milgram replication with another confederate who disobeyed

50
Q

Explanations to situational explanation to resistance to social influence

A

Research Support
Conformity: Allen and Levine found that conformity decreases when there was one dissenter in an Asch like experiment (even when the dissenter wasn’t a very confident person)
Obedience: Gamson found higher levels of resistance because they were in groups. 29/33 groups rebelled

51
Q

Internal locus of control (dispositional explanation to resistance to social influence)

A

Believe the things that happen to them are largely controlled by themselves (more likely to be able to resist)

52
Q

External locus of control (dispositional explanation to resistance to social influence)

A

Believe what happens to them is out of their control and is down to fate or luck.

53
Q

Evaluate dispositional explanation to resistance to social influence.

A

Research Support
Holland (1967) repeated Milgram’s study and also measured wether participants were internal or external. 37% internals didn’t continue to 450, only 23% externals didn’t.

54
Q

Minority Influence

A

A form of social influence in which a minority of people persuade others to adopt their beliefs [internalisation]

55
Q

Consistency- Minority Influence

A

When minority groups keep the same ideas over a long period of time, makes it more effecive because it draws attention to the idea and proves they are commited to it

AQA PSYCHOLOGY A LEVEL (1 decks)

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