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social influence Flashcards

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1
Q

what is ecological validity?

A

tells us whether or not our findings can be generalised to real world settings

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2
Q

what is internal validity?

A

is a measure of whether results obtained are solely affected by changes in the variable being manipulated (ie independent variable) in a cause and effect relationship

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3
Q

what is conformity?

A

it is the process of yielding to majority influence complying with standards,rules or laws

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4
Q

what is the 3 process theory of Kelman (1958)

A

compliance,identification,internalisation

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5
Q

what is compliance (Kelman)?

A

Individuals adjust behaviour and opinions to fit those of a group to avoid disapproval. It is a weak form of conformity as it is a desire to be accepted therefore does not affect feelings

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6
Q

What is Identification (kelman)?

A

individuals adjust their behaviour and opinions both publicly and privately to become a member. Stronger type of conformity and can be temporary

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7
Q

What is internalisation (kelman)?

A

Individual accepts group norms and make it part of their own behaviours and opinions. This change is permanent

i.e faith conversion

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8
Q

what are the two parts of Deutsch and Gerard (1955) ?

A

normative social influence + informational social influence

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9
Q

what is normative social influence?

A

based on our desire to be liked looking at what is ‘normal’ behaviour for the group. NSI can occur around strangers as an individual may be concerned about rejection

eg dressing like a group of people to fit in to try to become friends with them

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10
Q

what is informational social influence?

A

based on our desire to be right as it helps us feel in control of our lives. When individuals are unsure on something they will look to others for information. Most likely to occur when there social ambiguity,does not know how to act so looks for approval

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11
Q

what is a situational variable?

A

changes in the situation (size of majority,unanimity,task difficulty)

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12
Q

what is an individual variable?

A

differences in the participant (gender,mood,culture)

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13
Q

how did size of majority affect Aschs research?

A

conformity rates increase as the size increases 13% with 2 confederates and 32% increase with 3

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14
Q

what is unanimity?

A

the extent that members of a majority agree with one another

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15
Q

how does unanimity affect Aschs research?

A

it dropped when just one other participant dissented

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16
Q

how did task difficulty affect Aschs study?

A

more difficult task = more conformity

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17
Q

how did gender affect Aschs study?

A

females more likely to conform due to submissive role in society

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18
Q

how did mood affect Aschs study?

A

people are more likely to conform if happy

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19
Q

how did culture affect Aschs study?

A

individual culture (Britain) less likely to conform whereas collectivist culture (North Korea)

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20
Q

what is ecological validity?

A

tells us whether or not our findings can be generalised to real world settings

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21
Q

what is external validity?

A

refers to whether your study results can be generalised to the population that you are studying across setting and time

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22
Q

what is temporal validity?

A

may not reflect modern day its a product of its time

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23
Q

what is cultural bias in Milgrams study?

A

only Americans were used in the study so can not be linked to other cultures

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24
Q

what was Sheridan and King (1972) study?

A

used women in an obedience study where results found that 100% of women went up to 450V and only 54% of men when shocking the puppies

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25
Q

what was Meeus and Raaijimakers study? (1986)

A

they found that the highest level of obedience was in spain (90%)

26
Q

what is experimental validity?

A

the extent to which the participants believed in the reality of the situation

27
Q

what is population validity?

A

how representative of the general population the sample was

28
Q

what is reliability?

A

whether the study was standardised enough to allow someone else to replicate it and obtain similar results

29
Q

what is fully informed consent?

A

participants are told the true aim if the study and what the procedure will involve

30
Q

what is deception?

A

participants should not be deceived as to the true nature of the study-if they are, they must be fully debriefed afterwards

31
Q

what is the right to withdraw?

A

participants should feel free to leave the study at any point and can request that their results are destroyed

32
Q

what is protection from harm and distress?

A

participants should not be made to experience anything that they wouldn’t normally encounter in their everyday lives

33
Q

what was the aim of hofling et al study?

A

to see if nurses will obey a doctor even if asked to break hospital procedure

34
Q

what is the autonomous state?

A

individuals are seen as personally responsible for their actions

35
Q

what is the agentic state?

A

a mindset which allows us to carry out orders from an authority figure, even if they conflict with our personal sense of right and wrong

36
Q

what is an authoritarian personality?

A

a person who has an extreme respect for authority will highly likely obey orders

37
Q

what are the 2 locus of controls?

A

internal, external

38
Q

what are the characteristics of internal LOC?

A

high levels of personal control over their lives and behaviour

39
Q

what are the characteristics of external LOC?

A

belief that life is determined by external factors such as luck

40
Q

what is the relation of internal LOC?

A

high internal LOC actively seek out info which will help them personally

41
Q

what is the relation of external LOC?

A

more likely to be influenced by others

42
Q

what are the resistance to social influence parts?

A

social support,resistance,locus of control,dissenter

43
Q

what is social support?

A

the perception of assistance and solidarity from others

44
Q

what is resistance?

A

the way in which individuals attempt to withstand perceived attempts to threaten freedom of choice

45
Q

what is locus of control?

A

an individual beliefs about the causes of success and failures

46
Q

what is a dissenter?

A

a person who dissents/goes against majority

47
Q

what is Allen and Levine (1971) study?

A
  • found independence increased with one dissenter in Asch type study
  • dissenter wore thick glasses to suggest poor eyesight
  • resistance is not motivated by following what someone says but it enables someone to be free from pressure
48
Q

what is the supporting evidence by Holland for social support?

A

In a replication study of Milgram participants were assessed for internal or external locus of control. 37% of those with an internal LOC refused to continue to the highest shock level

-23% with LOC

49
Q

what is minority influence?

A

this is where one person or a small group of people influences the behaviour and opinions of a larger group

50
Q

what is consistency?

A

makes others question own beliefs

51
Q

what are the two types of consistency?

A

synchronic and diachronic

52
Q

what is synchronic consistency?

A

people in minority say the same thing

53
Q

what is diachronic consistency?

A

they have been saying the same thing for a long period of time

54
Q

what is commitment in minority influence?

A

sometimes minority’s engage in extreme activities to draw attention to their cause

55
Q

what is the snowball effect?

A

process of change, the more people convert the faster the rate of conversion becomes

  • gradually the minority view becomes majority and social change has occurred
56
Q

which studies support resistance to social influence?

A
  • Asch
  • Holland
  • Allen and Levine (1971)
57
Q

what was Hollands supporting research for resistance?

A

in a replication study of milgram participants were assessed for internal or external locus of control

  • 37% of those with a internal LOC refused to continue to the highest shock level
  • 23% refused with external LOC
58
Q

what was contradictory research for resistance to social influence?

A

Twenge et al (2004) analysed data from american obedience studies over a 40 year period
- the data showed that over this time people have become more resistant to obedience

59
Q

what did Adorno test for?

A

Adorno studied over 2000 American students from mainly white middle-class backgrounds

  • he interviewed them about: political views, early childhood experience
  • he carried out projective tests (participants assessed neutral pictures and their responses indicated whether or not they were radically prejudiced)
60
Q
A

psychology paper 1 (1 decks)

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