Social Influence

Question 1

Conformity

Answer 1

The tendency to change what we do think or say in response to the influence of a real or imagined group pressure

Question 2

Internalisation

Answer 2

An extreme type of conformity
Occurs when a person genuinely accepts the group norms
This result in a private as well as a public change of opinion/behaviour
This change is usually permanent as attitudes have been internalised and become a part of how the person thinks
The change in behaviour occurs even when group members are absent

Question 3

Identification

Answer 3

A moderate type of conformity
where we act in the same way as the group because we value it and we want to be a part of it but we don’t necessarily agree with everything the majority/group believes privately
but we agree publicly to be accepted by the group.

Question 4

Compliance

Answer 4

Temporary type of conformity
where we outwardly go along with the majority view but privately disagree with it just changing behaviour
only happens When there is a group pressure and stops when there’s no pressure

Question 5

Explanation for conformity ISI

Answer 5

Informative social influence
Wanting to be right
Refers to instances where people conform as they are unsure about what to do in a particular unclear situation, so they looked at others for guidance
Leads to internalisation and is a cognitive process

Question 6

Explanations for conformity NSI

Answer 6

Normative social influence
Wanting to be liked
Refers to instances where someone conform is in order to fit in and gain approval/avoid disapproval from the group members
Leads to compliance and is a emotional process

Question 7

Research support for NSI - evaluation

Answer 7

In aschs line experiment he interviewed his participants and they conformed as they felt self-conscious about saying the “wrong answer” and afraid of disapproval from the group
75% of ppts conformed once
Strength because it shows NSI is a valid explanation and shows that conformity is due to a desire of approval in a group / majority

Question 8

Research support for ISI

Answer 8

Lucas et al 2006
Carried out an experiment that involved giving participants hard/easy math problems
they easily answered the easy math problems
They found that part difference for conformed to the wrong answers in the difficult mass problems given by the Confederates
Supports ISI as the participants believed that the confederates were correct as a result said the same answer as them as they didn’t want to appear wrong in an ambiguous situation

Question 9

Counterpoint for Lucas et al

Answer 9

It’s unclear in real life, whether it is NSI or ISI and in research studies
Conformity is reduced when there is 1 dissenter found by asch
This shows that NSA and ISI tend to work together to operate in the real world

Question 10

Evaluation point for individual differences in NSI

Answer 10

Some research shows that there are individual differences in the way people respond to normative social influence
These people are known as naffilliators
McGhee and teevan
Found that students who were nafilliators more likely to conform
Shows someone might respond to group pressure more easily another due to individual differences in ones personality should be taken into account when explaining reasons for conformity

Question 11

Procedure of aschs study

Answer 11

Two cards , one with standard line and another with three lines on the comparison card
PPT’s Asked which line matched the standard line
123 American male students
One participant in a group of confederates
Who were instructed to give the wrong answer
12 critical trials

Question 12

Findings of Aschs study

Answer 12

Naive participant gave the wrong answer 36.8%
75% of participants conformed at least one
25% didn’t confirm on any trials
Aschs effect- participants conform even when the situation is clear this is used to explain the results
When participants interviewed, they said they conform to avoid rejection NSI

Question 13

Conclusion of aschs study

Answer 13

Even in a care situation, there’s still a strong group pressure to conform, especially when the group is confident
Ppts conformed due to NSI AND ISI
As they didn’t want to be rejected by the group And they doubted their own judgement and wanted to be seen as correct

Question 14

Variations of aschs study - task difficulty

Answer 14

isi
made the lines similar in length ans so made it harder for ppts to identify what lines on the comparison card matched the standard line

Question 15

Weakness of Aschs study - artificial situation/ task

Answer 15

Comparing lines lacks mundane realism and is meaningless
as it fails to replicate real life social interactions of conforming in a social context
The artificial nature of his study means its not a valid measure of real life situation

Plus the study was a laboratory experiment which means it would of been hard for confederates to act convincingly
PPTS may show demand characteristics as they are trying to guess the aim

Question 16

Strength of aschs study - research support

Answer 16

Lucas et al 2006
Asked to solve hard and easy maths problems and when it came to solving hard maths problems PPTS who lacked maths skills struggled and in an ambiguous situation looked to other ppts for the right answer [ISI]

Links to aschs study supporting the situational variable of task difficulty bc ppts said the same answers as the confederates as they also didnt want to be wrong [ISI]

Question 17

Weakness of aschs study = limited application

Answer 17

All aschs ppts = American men
Aschs study has been replicated due to standardised procedured and shown to be gender and cultural bias which makes it hard to generalise findings to the population

BOND AND SMITH = found that collectivist cultures who care for social groups are more likely to conform then individualstic cultures such as the USA

NETO = found that women are more likely to conform as they are more concerned with social relationships and being accepted [nsi]

Question 18

AIM OF ZMBARDOS STUDY

Answer 18

To discover wether a persons behaviour in a group is influenced by the situation or by their personality

Question 19

PROCEDURE OF ZIMBARDOS STUDY

Answer 19

• Converted standford uni psychology basement into a mock prison
• advertised students to be prisoners or guards and were randomly assigned thesse roles
• 21 ppts who were payed $15 a day
  -controlled observation
  -ppts screened to make sure they were psychologically and mentally stable or not
  -prisoners arrested at own homes where they were stripped and blindfolded
• given a numbered smock to wear with chains around their ankles
• set to run for 2 weeks
• zimabrdo was prison superintendent
• gaurds given : khaki military uniforms, tinted dark sunglasses ,and a truncheon to create a sense of power

Question 20

Findings of SPE for prisoners

Answer 20

Showed signs of stress , anxiety, helplessness
One prisoner left after 36 hours then more left after many more emotional break downs
Experiment only lasted 6 days
Zimbardo wouldn’t let ppts withdraw at first
Prisoners found ways to please gaurds such as snitching on others
One prisoner went on a hunger strike
Prisoners rebelled on the 2nd day

Question 21

Findings of SPE for Gaurds

Answer 21

-Within hours became harsh/aggressive to prisoners
-used fire extinguishers to retaliate against rebellion using divide and rule tactics
- Guards demanded even greater obedience
- played prisoners off each other
- completed headcount’s in the middle of the night
- made prisoners clean toilets with bear hands

Question 22

conclusion of spe by zimbardo

Answer 22

People quickly conform to social roles, even if it goes against moral principles

Furthermore he conducted that situational factors are larger responsible for behaviour found

As none of the participants had ever demonstrated such behaviours previously

Question 23

weakness of zimbardo - ethics

Answer 23

informed consent / deception - ppts wasn’t told they would be arrested at their own home

right to withdraw – participants wasn’t allowed to withdraw from the study as Zimbardo was too involved in his role as prison superintendent who wanted to carry the experiment on rather than a researcher who follows ethical guidelines

protection from harm -participants weren’t protected at all and became mentally and emotionally unstable throughout the study and many left through the study as a result of emotional breakdowns

Question 24

weakness of zimbardo - ethics

Answer 24

informed consent / deception - ppts wasn’t told they would be arrested at their own home

right to withdraw – participants wasn’t allowed to withdraw from the study as Zimbardo was too involved in his role as prison superintendent who wanted to carry the experiment on rather than a researcher who follows ethical guidelines

protection from harm -participants weren’t protected at all and became mentally and emotionally unstable throughout the study and many left through the study as a result of emotional breakdowns

Question 25

lack of realism weakness banuazizi and movahedi

Answer 25

criticised for not being realistic enough
for example,
demand characteristics made affected the study and is the reason why ppts behaviour brought on by the situation

Ppts we’re play acting and based their performance off of stereotypes
for example,
one participant said he based his behaviour on a character from “cool hand luke “ and why the prisoners rioted as they thought that’s what stereotypically occurs in a prison
Suggesting the findings tell us little any conformed

Question 26

Counter point to Banuazizi and movahedi

Answer 26

McDermott argues that participants behaved as if the prison was real to them
90% of conversations were about prison life
person 416, thought it was a real prison ran by psychologists
meaning it was high internal validity and shows us SPE did replicate the roles of prisoners and gaurds

Question 27

strength of spe - application

Answer 27

good real world application
as all participants screened before the study as emotionally stable
so it shows are there anyone can conform to prison or guard social roles if placed in that situation and change their behaviour drastically

as a result, helps us explains incidents of cruelty and abuse in real world institutional settings like the gaurds in Abu Ghraib

Question 28

Obedience

Answer 28

When a persons behaviour follows that which is demanded by another person

Question 29

What are the two explanations for obedience?

Answer 29

Dispositional hypothesis
Situational hypothesis

Question 30

Dispositional hypothesis

Answer 30

Do characteristics determine behaviour

Question 31

Situational hypothesis

Answer 31

Conditions in a situation

Question 32

Aim of Milgram study

Answer 32

To investigate what level of obedience participants would show when a authority figure told them to administer shocks to another person

Question 33

Method of Milgram study

Answer 33

Controlled observation in which obedience was measured in terms of voltage given to victim

Lab experiment - Carried out under controlled conditions

Participants reactions measured by interviews and observations after the study

Question 34

Milgram’s study- participants

Answer 34

Milgram advertised for people to take part in a memory experiment
Place adverts and newspapers and direct mailing
Volunteer sampling
40 males
2 confederates
Participants aged 20 to 40 years with various occupations and educational backgrounds

Question 35

Background of Milgram‘s study

Answer 35

Milgram wanted to find out why did the German people obey Hitler and kill around 6 million Jews and 5 million minority social groups was it because the Germans were different to people from other countries

Question 36

Baseline procedure of Milgram’s study

Answer 36

Yale university
Learner -confederate getting fake shocked
Teacher - naive ppt
Experimenter- confederate in Labcoat

what naive participant arrived to the lab ,They were introduced to another participant who was a confederate.
They drew out who wanted to be teacher/learner but it was always rigged so the naive participant would always be the teacher

Teacher cannot see learner but could hear them
The teacher gave the learner electric shocks every time they got the answer wrong on the memory task or failed to answer
Increased by 15 V with each mistake up to 450 V
Though the shocks were fake, they were all labelled dangerous
When teacher got to 300 V, the learner banged on the wall
Then at 315 V he banged on the wall again but was silent rest of the procedure

Question 37

What 4 prods did the experimenter use for milgarms study

Answer 37

Experiment are used for prods to encourage the teacher to continue
Prod 1 – please continue
Prod 2 – the experiment requires you to carry on
Prod 3– it’s absolutely essential you continue
Prod 4-you have no other choice you must go on

Question 38

Findings of Milgram study

Answer 38

100% of ppts delivered shocks up to 300 V
65% of ppts went up to the highest amount of 450 V they were fully obedient

Milgram also collected qualitative data including observation
Such as participants showing signs of extreme tension like
Sweating, groaning, stuttering, trembling, biting lips digging their fingernails into their hand and even 3 participants having uncontrollable seizures

Question 39

Conclusion of Milgram study

Answer 39

The German people are different to other people for obeying

ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure
Even to the extent of killing a innocent person or inflicting harm

Milgram said that is ingrained in us to obey if one recognise the authority as normally right 

Question 40

Milgrams variation study of location : AIM

Answer 40

To investigate whether obedience levels would drop in a non-prestigious university/enviroment

Question 41

Milgrams Location Variation Study : PROCEDURE

Answer 41

Conducted the experiment in a small rundown commercial office block , where participants were told the study was being conducted by a private company of Bridgeport
The same procedure as the original study
Sparsely furnished rundown office room

Question 42

Milgram Location variation study : findings

Answer 42

47.5% gave the full 450 volts
Participants have more doubts and asked questions about the legitimacy

Question 43

Milgram variation study of location : CONCLUSION

Answer 43

Concluded that the idea of a legitimate setting increases obedience levels even when participants question the credentials of the company as a still a link to scientific research

Question 44

Milgram variation study of uniform : Aim

Answer 44

To see whether an order given by someone without authority is followed

Question 45

Milgram variation study of uniform : PROCEDURE

Answer 45

The experimenter was originally wearing a grey lab coat which was a symbol of his authority
However, Milgram carried out a variation in which experiments was called away because of a phone call right at the start of the procedure , After delivering instructions to the ppt
The role of the experimenter was taken over by an ordering member of the public in every day clothing (less professional)

Question 46

Milgram variation study of uniform: results

Answer 46

Only 20% of participants gave the full 450 volts from the original 65% and 16/20 watched the ordinary person give 450 volts

Question 47

Milgram variation study of uniform : Comclusion

Answer 47

Levels of obedience fall with an ordinary person who wasn’t perceived as an authority figure due to the lack of their professionalism

Question 48

Milgram’s variation study of proximity: AIM

Answer 48

To see whether the physical distance between the experimenter and the teacher would affect the obedience level

Question 49

Milgram variation study of proximity : a PROCEDURE

Answer 49

Initial instructions with face-to-face the experiments are left the room to give the rest instructions via telephone

Question 50

Milgram’s variation study of proximity results

Answer 50

Number of participants willing to give 450 V fell sharply to 20.5% from 65%
Sometimes participants would lie about increasing the shocks, but would actually give low voltages

Question 51

Milgram variation study of proximity conclusion

Answer 51

Milgram found that reduced proximity of the experimental letter fewer participants obeying
Physical presence is a vital force which makes it easier to obey

Question 52

One strength of Milgram - HOFLING ET AL AND MILGRAMS SITUATIONAL VARIABLES

Answer 52

it is reliable
Because he use stabilised procedures like the four prods and debriefed all ppts to ensure all participants experience was the same for valid data
Therefore, the study can be repeated seen with his variation studies and office studies like Sheridan and king due to the controls

Question 53

A weakness of Milgram study- ETHICS

Answer 53

Ethically wrong
This is because participants were deceived about the aim of the study and throughout as they were told that the shocks were dangerous and that they had signed up for a memory experiment
Furthermore, some of the participants were not protected from harm and three participants had uncontrollable seizures and many participants showed extreme signs of tenison
COUNTERPOINT: however, most participants would debrief that the end of the study and they were glad that they took part plus you could argue that no ethical guidelines were sustained at the time of the study

Question 54

Strength of Milgram study application to real life

Answer 54

One strength of milligrams study is that it can be applied to real life
This is because Milgram concluded that ordinary people are likely to follow orders by an authority figure and that the German people aren’t different from other people For obeying dehumanising actions

Question 55

A criticism of Milgram study- ORNE AND HOLLAND

Answer 55

Lacks internal validity
Result of the study lacking mundane realism and ecological validity due to its artificial nature of a lab experiment And deliverance task isn’t an every day task
Therefore, participants could’ve possibly shown demand characteristics to match the aim of the study or live up to the researchers expectations and instead of showing real behaviour they could’ve played acted so that’s why they delivered the full 450 V

Question 56

Criticism of milgram - Kilham and Mann - gender and culture bias

Answer 56

Many studies show that countries differ in the degree in which people traditionally are obedient to authority

They found that when they replicated Milgram’s procedure in Australia with females only 16% of participants went to the four 450 V

Compare to Mantells study found that 85% of German participants delivered the 450v

This shows conflicting evidence of Milgram study and that obedience to authority is most likely to be accepted in more countries than some

Question 57

Variation of aschs study - Unanimity

Answer 57

a confederate broke the groups unanimity by responding correctly.
In this variation, the conformity rate dropped to 5.5%. This suggests that the presence of a dissenter provides social support

Question 58

Variation of aschs study - Group size
‘

Answer 58

varied the number of confederates from 1 to 16 ,
-the rate of conformity was just 3% when there was only 1 confederate
-the rate increased by 33 with 3
confederates
however when there was 16 confederates conformity dropped to 31%
This suggests that the presence of a small unanimous group has a strong social pressure beyond a point

Question 59

Autonomy

Answer 59

humans acting according to free will

Question 60

Agency

Answer 60

humans switch to an agentic state of mind , see themselves as acting as an agent, for the authority figure

Question 61

Agentic state -

Answer 61

moving from an autonomous state to an agentic shift which is seeing themselves as agents of others and not responsible for their own actions
they surrender their free will and conscience to serve others

Question 62

Evidence / Examples from Milgrams study for agentic state

Answer 62

when ppts were debriefed at the end of the study and milgram asked why they administered shocks
a typical reply was “i was just doing what i was told to do”

Question 63

Why did the ppts carry on delivering the shocks? - agentic state

Answer 63

the ppts in his study gave the shock as they saw themselves as an agent for the authority figure (experimenter) and not responsible for their actions but it was the experimenters responsibility

Question 64

What is moral strain?

Answer 64

Milgram observed ppts feel moral strain - experience anxiety usually because they are asked to do something that goes against their moral judgement

They tend to feel powerless to disobey when an order goes against their judgement

The shift to an agentic state of mind - relieves moral strain. This is because we displace responsibility of situation on to the authority figure

Question 65

Evidence/Examples of moral strain in milgrams original study

Answer 65

3 seizures
signs on tension : lip and fingernail bitting , sweating , trembling, stuttering

Question 66

Legitmacy of authority

Answer 66

We are taught from a young age that certain people are at the top of the social hierarchy.
We accept that teachers , police officers and security guards all have legitimate authority and we trust them to exert power over us

However over time some authority figures have exploited their authority to cause destruction by ordering those lower don in the social hierarchy to act in cruel and torturous ways

e.g hofflings study and massacre at My Lai , lieutenant calley said that he was simply following orders from his superior Captain medina and that he took no responsibility fo his actions

But because we believe their authority is legitimate we act in an agentic state , believing we are simply following orders and its their responsibility

Question 67

What made the teacher in milgrams study believe they were obeying to a legitimate authority?

Answer 67

The professionalism of the experimenter in a lab coat
The location of prestigious Yale

Question 68

What 2 things did milgram suggest must be in order for a person to enter the agentic state?

Answer 68

the authority figure must be perceived as being qualified to direct other’s behaviour, must be seen as legitimate

the agent (person being ordered ) is able to believe that the authority will accept responsibility for what happens

Question 69

Bindings Factors

Answer 69

What keeps a person in an agentic state
ignore the behaviour to reduce moral strain they are feeling (reduce the emotion)

Question 70

How is binding factors supported in milgrams study?

Answer 70

Ppts were told its only mild tissue damage and that they wouldn’t be that hurt

Question 71

Research support for agency theory - Milgarms OG experiment

Answer 71

65% of ppts were willing to obey to deliver shocks up to 450v

ppts often asked the experimenter ‘who will be responsible” if the learner is harmed
when the experimenter replied that “ im responsible “ , ppts went through with the procedure quickly with no further objections.

This supports agency theory as they were experiencing moral strain but as they questioned responsibility they suffered an agentic shift
as they saw themselves as not responsible anymore but the Experimenter was

Question 72

Research support for agentic state - Blass and Schmitt

Answer 72

Students shown milgarms study and asked to identify who was responsible and the students blamed mr Wallace / experimenter is responsible for the pain of the learner
Arguing, he had responsibility due to his treatment authority and that he was perceived as a scientist

This suggests a strength for legitimacy of authority/agent state as the participants were not responsible and just following orders of a professional authority figure due to the uniform

Question 73

Limited explanation for agency theory and legitimacy of authority - Rank and Jacobson

Answer 73

Conducted a study with nurses and found 16/18 of the nurses failed to obey orders from a Doctor Who asked them to administer an overdose of the drug Valium to a patient

Nurses further reported that they considered themselves responsible for their actions so they didn’t deliver the drug

This is a weakness nurses failed to obey doctors who they normally would obey however, when the authority is perceived as destructive not everyone will obey as they feel responsible for their actions

Question 74

Research support for legitimacy of authority - HOFFLING ET AL

Answer 74

Late at night a doctor telephoned a nurse asking her to administer twice a daily dose of a drug to a patient against hospital policy
21/22 follow the doctors order and attempted to give the medication to the patient

this suggests nurse would’ve justified their behaviour by saying they were following orders of the doctors that mean they have become agents for the doctor and displaced personal responsibility

Question 75

Authoritarian Chararteristics

Answer 75

Show extreme respect/submissiveness to authority

See society as a weak then it once was so they believe they need a strong powerful leader with traditional values

Uncomfortable with uncertainty

Show contempt for those of inferior status

Believe people belong to other ethnic groups are responsible for the ills of society because they are ethnocentric

Likely to categorise people into ”us” and “them” groups , seeing their own group as superior

Question 76

Origins of the Authoritarian personality

Answer 76

Harsh parenting - strict discipline , impossibly high standards, absolute loyalty, severe criticism of perceived failings

Parents will give conditional love if they act/behave a certain way . That lives up to their standards

Adorno et al - argued that those childhood experiences create hostility , plus resentment in a child but the child cannot express these feelings directly to the parents so they displace it onto others they perceive as they perceive as weaker

This process is called scapegoating
This explains hatred towards “socially inferior“ people who belong to other groups

A central feature of obedience to a higher authority
Psychodynamic explanation

Question 77

ADORNO ET AL - PROCEDURE

Answer 77

He investigated the causes of obedient personality in more than 2000 middle-class white Americans

He also studied their unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups

They used Several scales to measure this including the
F-scale to measure fascism , which is still used today to measure authoritarian personality

Example : “obedience and respect for or authority are the most important virtues children should learn”

Question 78

FINDINGS OF ADORNO ET AL

Answer 78

scored high on the F scale = Identified with strong people and generally disliked the weak
Conscious of their and others status
Showed extreme respect/serivility of those with highest status
Traits are basis of obedience and authoritarian personality

Adorno et al — authoritarian people had a certain cognitive style ( way of perceiving others )
No fuzziness between categories of people

Fixed/distinctive stereotypes of other groups
Found a positive correlation between authoritarianism and prejudice

Question 79

Milgrams and Elms - Research support
for authoritarian personality

Answer 79

Interviewed the original participants from milgrams study who had been fully obedient
They completed the F scale ( 20 obedient and 20 defiant) ppts involved in experiment) from Milgram original study

FINDINGS: rose who had been highly obedience and gave the full 450 V scored higher on the F scale and those who disobeyed and not gave the highest shocks

This suggests a link between the personality and being obedient and
support Adorno view that obedient people may well show similar characteristics to people who have an authoritarian personality

Question 80

COUNTERPOINT 4 Milgrams and Elms - Research support
for authoritarian personality

Answer 80

They found some obedient participants did display some characteristics that were unusual for the personality
For example, Milgram’s obedient participants did not experience unusual levels of childhood punishment
Therefore, this link is complex

Question 81

Limited explanation for authoritarian personality

Answer 81

Makes it hard to explain obedient behaviour in the majority of a countries population
Pre-war Germany, millions of individuals displayed obedient racist and anti-semitic behaviour
However, not everyone possesses the same authoritarian personality and realistically they must have differed in their personalities

Question 82

Weakness- Political bias of authoritarian personality - Christie and jahoda

Answer 82

F scale measures tendency towards an extreme form of right wing ideology
They argue that this is a politically biassed interpretation of authoritarian personality
They point out the harsh reality of left-wing of authoritarianism in the shape of the Bolsheviks in Russia and Chinese Moaism
They also point out that extreme right and left-wing ideologies have the idea of emphasising importance of obedience to a legitimate political authority in common

Question 83

Internal locus of control

Answer 83

person believes their responsible for what happens to them and the events in their lives

Question 84

external locus of control –

Answer 84

e person believes it’s mainly a matter of luck or outside forces that is responsible for the events in their life

Question 85

Resisting social influence
INTERNAL LOC

Answer 85

INTERNAL LOC - more likely to be able to resist the pressures to conform or obey

This because the person takes responsibility for the actions and is more likely to base their decisions of their own beliefs and fuss resist the pressures from other people

Question 86

Characteristics displayed by someone with an internal LOC

Answer 86

Self-confidence
More achievement orientated
Higher intelligence
Less need for social approval

Question 87

Research support for LOC - Holland

Answer 87

Repeated Milgram study And measured if participants were internals or externals

37% internal LOC Did not continue With the maximum shock and showed greater resistance
23% of internal LOC did not continue

Increases validity of the LOC explanation and our confidence that it can explain resistance
And also provides a link between resistance to obedience and LOC

Question 88

Contradictory research for LOC - Twenge et al

Answer 88

Analyse data from American obedience studies over a 40 year period

The data showed that over this time people have become more resistant to obedience but more external

However, if resistance to obedience was linked to internal LOC, then we would expect people to become more internal
Therefore challenging the link

On the other hand, the results may be due to a change in society where many things are increasing outside personal control

Question 89

Social support

Answer 89

presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same
These people act as model to show others resistance to social influence is possible

Question 90

Resisting conformity due to social support

Answer 90

Pressure to conform can be resisted if the others that are present are not conforming as well
Aschs variation study - Unanmity
Enable naive participants to freely follow their own conscious as the confederate act as a model of independent behaviour
Majority no longer unanimous

Question 91

Resisting Obedience due to social support

Answer 91

If another person disobey the pressure to obey can be resisted
Melgrove variation study – obedience dropped from 65% to 10%
The person is disobedience act as a model of descent for the genuine participants to follow and therefore resist obedience

Question 92

Research support for social support- albrecht et al

Answer 92

Evaluated teen fresh start USA
Eight week programs to help pregnant adolescence resist pressure to smoke
Social support was given by a buddy /older mentor

Findings : at the end of the program those who had a body was significantly less likely to smoke than those who didn’t have one
Shows that social support can help young people resist pressures

Question 93

Conflicting research support for social support - Allen and Levine

Answer 93

Showed social support can help individuals resist the influence of a group pressure

Replicated aschs study but had a decent with good eyesight
64% of genuine participants refused to conform when did the dissenter was involed

However , the study also showed that social support does not always help
When the centre had obviously Poor eyesight resistance was only 36%