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Psychology Examinable > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

1
Q

Compliance: (2)

A
  • Involves changing your behaviour at the request of another person
  • Does not rely on a power dynamics
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2
Q

Obedience: (3)

A
  • Involves performing an action under orders of an authority figues
  • Requires direct request from authority figure
  • Punishment and consequence
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3
Q

Conformity: (4)

A
  • Altering attitudes and behaviours to go along with rest of group
  • Influence of authority is indirect
  • Deindividuation
  • Ignored and marginalised
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4
Q

Factors that influence obedience: (3)

A
  • How close we are to authority figure (proximity)
  • Higher levels of authority figure (prestige)
  • Deindividuation (Losing ability to think for yourself, going along with group)
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5
Q

Advantages for experimental design to study obedience: (3)

A
  • Demonstrates casual relationships
  • Can be replicated/repeated to see if same findings emerge
  • Maximises control over relevent variables
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6
Q

Disadvantages for experimental design to study obedience: (3)

A
  • Cannot be generalised outside lab
  • Some complex phenomena cannot be readily tested using pure experimental methods.
    -Ethical issues present challenges for testing some naturally occurring phenomena.
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7
Q

Agency Theory:

A

People will obey authority when they believe that the authority will take responsibility for their actions

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8
Q

Milgrim’s Study Results: (2)

A
  • Milgram concluded that people have a tendency to obey orders, even if it goes against their morals.
  • Situational factors rather than dispositional factors influence the ability for someone to make independent decisions when they find themselves in a subordinate position.
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9
Q

Conformity is…

A

where an individual yeilds to group pressure

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10
Q

The adjustment of one’s opinions, judgements, or actions so that they become more consistent with:

A
  • The opinions, judgements or actions of other people
  • The normative standards of a social group or situation.
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11
Q

People wish to ……… but only in a good or desirable manner.

A

stand out

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12
Q

Conformity is found to be higher in….

A

collectivist cultures rather than individualistic cultures

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13
Q

Normative social influence (NSI) and Conformity (3)

A
  • Is what a person conforms to be accepted or belong to a group.
  • Is usually a short-term solution which is because of the desire to fit in.
  • Complaince / Identification
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14
Q

Informational social influence and conformity (3)

A
  • When a person conforms to gain knowledge, or because they believe that someone else is ‘right’.
  • The person changes their public behaviour and their private beliefs on a long-term basis.
  • Internalization
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14
Q

Compliance vs Identification vs Internalization

A
  • Compliance: people change their public behaviour but not their private beliefs (short term).
  • Identification: people change their public behaviour and their private beliefs but only in the presence of that group (short term).
  • Internalization: people change public behaviours and are convinced other group’s beliefs are right, so behaviour adjusts accordingly to match those beliefs (long term).
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15
Q

Individual that can impact conformity: (3)

A
  • Ambiguity and unanimity
  • Personal characteristics and the individual position/familiarity within a group
  • Personality and cultural factors
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16
Q

Three main types of conformity:

A
  • Compliance
  • Identification
  • Internalization
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17
Q

Advantages for observational studies to study social influence:

A
  • Can explore topics which are too unethical, costly, impractical or impossible to experiment.
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18
Q

Disadvantages for observational studies to study social influence:

A
  • Lack of control in planning leads to an inability to create constant variables (lack of reliability).
  • Limited ability to explore causation and confidently conclude that a change in the IV caused a change in the DV.
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19
Q

Observational design is useful: (3)

A
  • when obvious groups or pre-existing samples are available.
  • when it is unethical to deliberately expose a group of people to a particular independent variable.
  • Researchers can conclude there is a correlation between two variables.
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20
Q

5 types of observational design

A
  1. Naturalistic Observation
  2. Correlation Studies
  3. Longitudinal Design
  4. Cross Sectional Studies
  5. Sequential Designs
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21
Q

Naturalistic Observation (3)

A
  • Involves observing and recording variables of interest in a natural setting, without interference or manipulation.
  • Does not allow researchers to control or influence the variables in any way.
  • Data may not be reliable or free from bias.
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22
Q

Correlation Studies

A

Can demonstrate a relationship between variables, but it cannot prove that changing one variable will change another.

23
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Research is repeated with the same people occuring over several years.

24
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies

A

Can be used to research a wide range of age groups, with data being collected at a single point in time.

25
Q

2 qualitative design types

A
  • focus groups
  • delphi technique
26
Q

Focus groups are…

A

talking/ discussions in a small group of a variety of different people led by a facilitator

27
Q

The delphi technique…

A

is sending out a survey to community members, follow up survey, starts with closed quesitons that get more open as surey continues

28
Q

Content analysis steps
(for focus group or delphi technique)

A
  1. read the data
  2. identify themes
  3. reread data + tally frequency
  4. make conclusions

means we can get quantitaive data from qualitative data

29
Q

What is ethnocentric bias?

A

Prejudice against a minority group, as others can view thier group as superior

30
Q

Attitude (3)

A
  • Set of emotions, beliefs, behaviours towards anything that exists
  • Evaluation of thing on a dimension ranging from negative to positive
  • Generally predetermined
31
Q

Persuasion

A
  • Convincing others to change attitudes / behaviours on a thing, an active attempt by one person
32
Q

Explain the 3 components of attitude (abc)

A
  • Affective
    Feelings towards something (can be positive, negative, ambivalent)
  • Behavioural
    The actions / behaviours we do in response to the same thing
  • Cognitive
    The thoughts / beliefs about the topic, linked to what we have learned about the worse we live in and and shaped by our experiences
33
Q

2 methods of persuasion

A

-Yale attitude change approach
- Elaboration liklihood model

34
Q

3 elements of Yale Attitude Change approach

A
  • Source (the person who conveys the message)
  • Message (evoke strong emotions or strong processing in audience)
  • Audience (features of an audience also effect how east it is to persuade attitude change)
35
Q

3 strategies of persuasion

A
  • Norm of reciprocity
  • Door in the face
  • Foot in the door
36
Q

The norm of reciprocity

A
  • Based on social norm that one will return a favour when one is granted to them
  • Leads you to feel obligated to return the favour
  • AKA a free trial, or benefit by keeping and purhcasing the product
37
Q

The door in the face

A
  • Initial very large request, aka donate or purhcase something for a significant amount
  • After refusal they then suggest you purchase something worth less
38
Q

Foot in the door

A
  • Person agrees to a small favour / buy small item, only to later reuest a larger favour / purchase a bigger item
39
Q

Factors of attitide that influence behaviour (3)
Explain each

A

Attitude strength
- Strong attitudes are those that are firmly held or important, highly influence behaviour
- Stronger attitudes generally mean people have considerable knowledge about something
- Tend to be formed by direct experience, stable, more resistant to counterinfluence

Attitude accessibility
- Ease of how an attitude comes to mind, highly accessibly is stronger attitudes
- Use more frequently is more accessible

Attitude specificity
- Attitude that is more specific rather than general to ensure behaviours are consistant

40
Q

Behaviour can influence attitude measured by…

A

cognitive dissonance

41
Q

Central (4) vs Peripheral (4) route of persuasion:

A

CENTRAL
- Making the audience think carefully / evaluate
- Is logic driven, uses data and facts
- Works best when the audience is analytical
- Argument must be strong.

PERIPHERAL
- Requires little processing or thinking by the audience
- Relies on association with positive characteristics
- The audience that is targeted is often one that is young or has low self-esteem
- Audience does not need to be analytical or motivated to process the message

42
Q

Explain the 3 ways to measure attitude

A
  • Behavioural Count
  • Self-Reports
  • Implicit Association Test
43
Q

The name for when someone gives untrue responses in a survey or similar based on what they think the experienter wants to hear

A

Social desirability factor

44
Q

Prejudice vs Discrimination Vs Stereotyping

A

Prejudice:
- Affective (feelings) and cognitive (beliefs)
- Negative attitude towards another person or group formed in advance (ingrained)

Discrimination:
- Behavioural manifestation of prejudice

Stereotyping:
- Cognitive (beliefs)
- Often negative exaggerated generalisations

45
Q

Why are we Prejudiced?
(3)

A
  • Unintentional biases
  • Exposure
    direct/indiect experiences
  • Learning
    learned attitudes from people around you
    Social learning theory:
    Association
    Reinforcement
    Modelling
46
Q

Unintentional Bias (4 types)
Explain each

A
  • Conformational bias
    favour/choose information that fits with existing beliefs and is selective
  • Attribution bias
    When something good happens, we attribute this to our own behaviours. When something bad happens we attribute this to external factors
  • Gender Bias
    Self-explanatory (i.e. hiring employees)
  • Conformity Bias
    Tendency to behave the same as other group members
47
Q

3 effects of prejudice

A
  1. Social Stigma
  2. Internalisation of Others Evaluation
  3. Stereotype threat
48
Q

Social Stigma is:

A

dissaproval/discrimination against a person based on a stereotype, leading to threatened sense of social identity

49
Q

Stereotype threat:

A

people are/feel at risk to conforming to stereotypes about their social group

50
Q

Internalisation of Others Evaluation:

A

process where a person cognitively/emotionally absorbs negative messages/ stereotypes, and believes them and applys them to themselves
- self-fulfillng prophecy

51
Q

4 strategies for changing attitudes/prejudice

A
  • Education/School
  • Intergroup Contact
  • Superordinate Goals
  • Direct Experience
52
Q

Self presentation serves three important functions:

A
  • Helps facilitate social interaction
  • Enables individuals to attain material and social rewards
  • Helps people privately construct desired identities
53
Q

What is self concept? What are itsthree components?

A

Refers to our private sense of self, who we are and what is it that makes us so
1. Ideal Self
2. Self-image
3. Self-worth

54
Q

Primacy Effect (2)

A
  • Phenomenon where information received at the beginning carries more weight than the information that follows.
  • Individuals tend to be drawn to information that supports a first impression.
55
Q
A

Psychology Examinable (2 decks)

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