social influence

Question 1

obedience

Answer 1

–when someones changes their behaviour at the request of someone with a real or perceived higher level of authority.

Question 2

factors that influence obedience

Answer 2

–proximity of the authority figure: if an authority figure is closer, consequences of not obeying will be more immediate.
–status of the authority figure:
–peer support: peers may not obey the authority figure, or provide social support an individual who is being pressured to obey.

Question 3

milgram experiment outline

Question 4

milgram experiment ethical considerations

Answer 4

–right to withdraw: participants were pressured to continue with the experiment after asking to leave.
–potential for psychological harm: participants may have discovered unwanted information about themselves which may have affected their self-concept negatively.
–deception: participants were not told the true aim of the experiment, or the true method.

Question 5

stanford prison experiment outline

Question 6

stanford prison experiment ethical considerations

Answer 6

–informed consent: participants were not told they had been selected after volunteering, and were unexpectedly ‘arrested’.
–potential for physical harm: violence between the guards and prisoners was initially banned, but not prevented when it did occur.
–privacy: throughout the experiment participants were observed at all times, limiting the privacy they had.

Question 7

features of an experimental design

Answer 7

– a control and experimental group
–manipulated independent variable
–random allocation of groups
–hypothesis

Question 8

advantages and disadvantages of an experimental design

Answer 8

–advantages:random allocation limits researcher bias in results, the control group creates a baseline in the data and allows for the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable to be compared.
–disadvantages: ethical issues may arise when manipulated independent and controlled variables, time consuming

Question 9

conformity

Answer 9

–when someone changes a behaviour or belief in response to real or imagined pressure from a majority group.

Question 10

compliance

Answer 10

–a form of conformity occurring when someone only changes their public behaviour while in the presence of the majority group.

Question 11

identification

Answer 11

–a form of conformity occurring when someone only changes their public behaviour and private beliefs while in the presence of the majority group.

Question 12

internalisation

Answer 12

–a form of conformity occurring when someone only changes their public behaviour and private beliefs permanently.

Question 13

factors that influence conformity

Answer 13

–individual characteristics: unanimity, personality, status, culture.
–normative social influence: someone conforms to feel accepted or that they belong in a group.
–informational social influence: someone conforms to gain knowledge because they believe the group is ‘right’.

Question 14

components of an attitude

Answer 14

–ABC model
–affective: emotion
–behavioural: action
–cognitive: beliefs
–example: nervous, doesn’t go on roller coasters, believes rollercoasters are unsafe.

Question 15

ethnocentric bias and its affect on observational research

Answer 15

–people from some cultures may cause bias in the research if their morals don’t align with how and why it is being collected.
–social norms in different cultures may also influence results.

Question 16

ways attitudes are formed/changes

Answer 16

–direct experience: attitudes can be formed after someone has an experience with something.
– indirect experience: attitudes can be formed after being exposed to a topic by another person through word of mouth.
–persuasion: attitudes can be changed via persuasion from another person.

Question 17

central route of persuasion

Answer 17

–requires the audience to be interested in the topic and process the information.

Question 18

peripheral route of persuasion

Answer 18

–uses peripheral cues such as celebrities and appearance to grab the viewer’s attention and keep them engaged.

Question 19

factors that influence persuasion

Answer 19

– source: if the source is credible or attractive, people will be more likely to listen.
–message: the message can influence emotion, or contain statistics making it legitimate.
–audience: younger people or people with low self-esteem will be more likely to be persuaded via peripheral cues.
–direct and indirect experiences: if an attitude is formed via direct experience it will be more resistant to change.

Question 20

norm of reciprocity technique

Answer 20

– occurs when someone offers something, to increase the chance of the other person fulfilling one of their requests.
–the social norm that when someone does something for you, you will also do something for them.

Question 21

door-in-face technique

Answer 21

–a large request is made which is at first rejected.
–the request is made smaller, which means the other person believes the expectations have already been lowered, making them more likely to agree.

Question 22

foot-in-door technique

Answer 22

–a small request is made which is accepted.
–the requests slowly become larger until expectations are met.
–requests will continue to be accepted as the other person has already decided to conform.

Question 23

bi-directional link between attitude and behaviour

Answer 23

–attitudes can influence behaviour, and behaviour can influence attitudes.

Question 24

how attitudes influence behaviour

Answer 24

–strength: the strength of an attitude is determined by how it is formed.
–specificity: if an attitude is more specific to a topic it will be stronger. (doesn’t like Italian food vs doesn’t like pizza)
–accessibility: how often the attitude is thought or talked about.

Question 25

consequences of an inconsistent attitude-behaviour link

Answer 25

–cognitive dissonance: the uncomfortable feeling that occurs when someone knows their behaviour does not align with their attitude.

Question 26

factors that influence behaviour

Answer 26

–situational pressures: some people’s behaviours may vary depending on who is around them, but their attitude may remain the same.
–self-monitoring: high self-monitors will be more worried about how others view them and will change their behaviour to fit in with others around them.

Question 27

behavioural counts

Answer 27

–an objective quantitative measure
– observing how many times someone performs a certain behaviour.

Question 28

implicit association test

Answer 28

–an objective quantitative measure
–a computer test that requires sorting pictures of people from certain groups and adjectives (good or bad) into 2 categories.
–if reaction time is quicker, it can be assumed that the person may hold certain stereotypes about the groups.

Question 29

likert scales

Answer 29

–a subjective quantitative measure
– participants rate their agreeance levels to statements on scales of 1-5

Question 30

advantages and disadvantages of behavioural counts

Answer 30

–advantage: numerical data will make it easier to compare the behaviour counts between each person observed.
–disadvantage: someone may alter their behaviour if they know they are being observed.

Question 31

advantages and disadvantages of an implicit association test

Answer 31

–advantage:
–disadvantage:

Question 32

advantages and disadvantages of a likert scale

Answer 32

–advantage: can be administered to a wide population, quick and easy to complete.
–disadvantage: literacy skills are required, limited context is given to answers.

Question 33

prejudice

Answer 33

–an emotion show towards a group of people, often evoked by stereotypes.

Question 34

discrimination

Answer 34

–a behaviour that is performed against someone from a certain group as a result of stereotypes and prejudice.

Question 35

stereotypes

Answer 35

–a preconceived belief that all members of a certain group will portray the same set of characteristics.

Question 36

causes of prejudice

Answer 36

–confirmation bias: when someone seeks out information that will confirm their views.
–exposure: direct or indirect experience.
–learning: children may learn attitudes from adults around them.

Question 37

effects of prejudice

Answer 37

–social stigma
–stereotype threat: someone may become stressed about not wanting to confirm stereotypes. this extra stress may cause them to display the stereotype.
–internalised stigma: when someone internalises a social stigma and begins to believe it and apply it to themselves.
–self-fulfilling prophesies: internalised stigma may lead to a change in behaviour as the attitude has been changed.

Question 38

reducing prejudice

Answer 38

–increased interaction between groups, limits stereotypes
–education on the group

Question 39

explicit discrimination

Answer 39

–not employing or promoting certain people
–lack of education towards some groups

Question 40

subtle discrimination

Answer 40

–tokenism: making a small effort to include people from minority groups to make themselves look inclusive.
–reverse discrimination: favouring people from minority groups.
–reluctance to help: not wanting to help people from minority groups.

Question 41

self presentation/impression management

Answer 41

–how someone present themselves in order to control how others perceive them

Question 42

verbal impression management techniques

Answer 42

–face-to-face conversations
–videos
–phone calls

Question 43

non-verbal impression management techniques

Answer 43

–filters
–clothing
–body-language
–eye contact

Question 44

management of self presentation online vs face to face

Answer 44

–online: people can share select information about themselves which isn’t always true.
–face-to-face: authentic self is shown and they are not able to limit the information that is shared as easily.

Question 45

important factors in impression management

Answer 45

–schemata: a category of information.
–recency: most recent information learnt about a person may change how someone views them.
–primacy: first impressions matter.

Question 46

self concept

Answer 46

–helps to build identity
–dependent on self-worth, self-image, and ideal self.

Question 47

how does self concept relate to self presentation online

Answer 47

–online people often only show their ideal self.
–validation on social media sites can increase levels of self-esteem, and therefore self-worth.
–validation includes likes, comments, or followers.

Question 48

positive and negative affects social media has on mental health

Answer 48

–positive: high self-esteem,
–negative: low self-esteem, anxiety, narcissism, depression

Question 49

ethical concerns related to social media

Answer 49

–confidentiality: information shared on social media can be viewed and used by anyone.
–informed consent: information can be used for different purposes without needing consent.
–privacy: anyone can view what you post, even if you make it private some people may set out to find it.

Question 50

delphi technique

Answer 50

–a qualitative measure
–involves collecting opinions and feedback on a topic from experts through multiple rounds of questionnaires.
–responses are collated and a new questionnaire is created based on common themes etc.,
– participants are also able to view other responses, allowing for them to reevaluate their responses.
–eventually, consensus is achieved.

Question 51

focus groups

Answer 51

–a qualitative measure
–small groups of people (8-10) are read questions

Question 52

advantages and disadvantages of the delphi technique

Answer 52

– advantage: allows for interaction between experts no matter their location, multiple rounds allow for people to consider other views or opinions.
–disadvantage: the researcher may force consensus limiting discussion between participants.

Question 53

advantages and disadvantages of focus groups

Answer 53

–advantage: in-depth discussions, discussions of views which hadn’t yet been considered in the questions.
–disadvantage: social desirability bias, confirmation bias