social influence Flashcards
types of conformity and explanations- 1/2
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conformity- change in behaviour of thinking in response to real or imagined groups
types - compliance(shallowest)- temporary. person agrees in public but disagrees in private. response changes around other groups
- identification- act in same way as we identify as wanting to bepart of the group. dont necisarrily agree with behaviours
- internalisation(deepest)- listnes to views of group, accept them and make them their own. become perosns new way of viewing world.
explanations for conformity
NSI(normative social influence)
- conform to fit in, be normal so not to be odd one out. to be socially accepted
ISI( informational social influence)
- coform to be right, have accurate judgements or behave right way
- believe other have superior knowledge and judgement( linked with internalisation)
evidence(NSI)
- asch- 75% of p’s conformed to fit in with rest of group
- backed up by large drop in incorrect answers when changed answersin private
evidence (ISI)
- jenness jelly beans
- people more likeely to conform when to group
- p’s estimate how many jelly beans in jar- storngly inlfuenced by prev guesses on page
- conform when dont know answer
- lucas(06)- students given maths problems conformed when ddint know answer
variables affecting conformity- asch 2/2
asch line test(51)
- 123 white men- unambigious task
- compariso task. one standard line and comparison lines
- asked to judge which was close to standard line
- 1 p + 7 feds
- **found **p’s conformed with feds 75% of trials
- when asked to write odwn conformity fell
evaluation
- child of its time- perrin and spencer
- carried out og experiment on engineers,, chemists etc
- found only 1/396 joined majority when wrong
- cultural change takes place
- findings of past may not apply
- however may notbe even comparision as students subjects are more confident in performing tasks
evaluation
- task to simplistic?
- valdity issues as task so simple p’s dont care if the conform or not so just go along
- also know in experiment
- doesnt mean wouldnt do same in group situations
- aramovich found task changed to group decision of how to treat twrrorsits p’s conformed less to feds
- suggests importance of task has effect
variables affecting conformity
size of group
- conformity increases as size of group increases
- little change once reaches 4-5
- above 15 drops slightly
lack of unanimity
- if one person gave different answer to everyone else in group(non unanimous) conformity drops
- presence of just one fed that goes against reduces from 37% to 5%
difficulty of task
- when comparsion lineswere similar lenght was harder to judge so p’s conformed
- more difficult taks, higher conformity
answers in private
- conformity drops by 10% when p’s give answers in private
- jellybean study!
conformity to social roles- zimbardo
stanford prison experiment(74)
method
- 21 male uni students
- newspaper advert
- randomly assinged 1 of 2 social roles- prisoner or guard
- in basement of stanford
- arrested by local police from homes and given a number
- guards given uniform and reflective sunglasses
- meant to run for 2 weeks
- zimbardo dual role- super intendant and researcher
found
- quickly identifyed as roles
- in days prisoners rebelled
- quickly crushed by guards-grew icreasingly abusive
- waking prisiners in night ad forcig to clean toilets etc
- prisoners become increasingly submissive
- 5 released early due to physical ad mental conditions- anxiety, crying
- terminated afer 6 days due to zimbardo being conviced conditions were inhumane
conclusion
- people quickly conform to social roles
- even if goes against moral principles
- sitialtionl factors largeely responsible for behavior found
- change behaviour to suit role
evaluation
- maintained degree of ecological validity
- tightly controlled
- given random roles and select critieria to be invovled
- real life arrest to adopt into roles
evaluation
- however also lacks ecological validty
- very unrealistic
- many things not present that would be e.g. racism, beatings, etc
- was laso intened two weeks- not realsitic time slot
- however evidence p’s did react to situation as though it were real
- 90% of convo was abt life in the prison
- reffered to themsellfs as prison number nit name
- some even asked for lawyer
evalaution
- biggest is its ethics
- so unethical
- did follow stanford ethical guidelines but still
- reffered to psychologists after wards
milgrams obedience study
procedure
- 40 male participants
- in newspaper and post flyers
- 20-50 yrs
- 4.50$ before study started
- given rigged draw of teacher
- fed given learner and fed given experimenter role wearing white lab coat
- told can leave at anytime
procedure
- learner in other room and teacher instricted to shock them each time thye got answer wrong
- started at 15 volts rose to 450 volts(labelled danger or severe shock)
- at 315 volts learner pounded on wall then after there was no response from the learner
- teacher told to carry on shocking for ansewrs not answered
- if experiemnter thought thye were unsure they would prod them 4 times and say promts; you must carry on, please go on, experiment requires you to carry on, you have no choice
-
findings
- levels higher than expected
- predicted 3% would go to 450 v
- 65% went to 450 v
- 12% stopped as 300- first bang
- ps showed high signs of stress and tension- sweating, tremble- three had seisures
- ps debriefed after+followup questiinairre
- 84% glad thye took part
sugests
- suggests that normal people do extreme thing when instucted by a authority figure
evaluation of milgram
bad IV
- holland says many ps worked out study wasfake
- unclear wether results are genuineto operations of obedience or participants saw through deception
cross cultural replications
- replicated in other cultures and show support of milgram
- miranda obedience rate of 90% in spanush students
- shows his conclusions are not limited to american males
- smith and bond however that most replicas still take place in developed countries
- these are not that cultirally different to usa
- premature to say his findings apply to everywhere
-
legitimacy of authoruty- explanations for obedience
- we feel obligated to accet orders from those in power as we respect credentials and asuume thye know what they are doing
- we live in hierachy so people do have more power
minority influence
minortiy influence
- occurs when one person influences the beleiefs and behaviours of others.
- have to work ti change peoples beliefs
- must be;
- consistent-synchronic, all sat the same thing and for a long time.
- commitiment- show they care for thier cause- draw atention to it
- flexixble- able to become adaplte as notto seem incessasnt. have to be ocncsistent and adaptable- seem more reasosnalbe and balanced
- theses create a snowball affect as minortiy becomes majority
evalauation
- storng experiemtnal support of consistency and flexibility
- moscovici blue green
- how fed 2/6 people was able to inlfuence majority to join by calling every slide green
- 8% of blue being called green- 32% of ps agreed atleast once
- agreement to feds fell to 1% when inconsistent
evaluation
- nameth- consistency without flexibility seen negativeely
- added new middle choice- green/blue
- when feds said green to every slide- thye had little influecne
- but if were flexible sometimes got agreement
evaluation
- limitation to much of
- artificial tasks
- behaviour is far remeoved from minoritiyes in real life
- e.g. jry decision making, civil rights, poltical campaigningg
- lacks eco valaidity
- clark et al- twelveangry men- more realaisitc
- 200 uni students in mock murder tril as jury memebers
- he manipulated arguments they were given and found jury influenced by consistent arguments about case.
social influence in social change
- outline 3 things again(c, c, f)
evidence
- nolan et al
- hanging messages on doors of calaifornians encouraging them to redcuce energy, suggesting others in ara were doing it too
- compared to control group that werent suggest ohter poeple were doing it show experiemntsl group doing hat told and control not
evidence
- real life-
- civil black rights movemeent
- rosa parks- commitement
- commitemet and csisstency
- lead to snowall
evaluation
- however people fidn it challanging to agree in public
- moscvivis blue-green experiment found whens ps wrote down answer- minority were higher
- conform so as not to be awkward
- confirmed in real life
- bashir- activists stereotyped to be extreeme and therefore off puttting
