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social inequity (SOCI 356) > social inequity (SOCI 356) > Flashcards

social inequity (SOCI 356) Flashcards

1
Q

Micro and macro levels of sociological analysis

A

Micro-level: Focuses on small-scale, individual or group interactions, like conversations or personal relationships.
Macro-level: Looks at large-scale social processes, such as the economy, laws, or entire cultures.

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2
Q

Social theory

A

Ideas and frameworks that explain how societies work, how people interact, and why certain social patterns exist.

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3
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

Not focused on individual-level “troubles” but looking beyond these
troubles and how they are connected to or embedded in larger, broader social

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3
Q

Social structure

A

The organized patterns of relationships and institutions that make up society, like the family, government, or education system.

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4
Q

Intersectionality/Intersectional lens

A

The concept that different social categories (like race, gender, and class) overlap and create unique experiences of discrimination or privilege

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5
Q

Matrix of Domination

A

explains how different types of inequality (like race, gender, and class) combine to create varying levels of power or disadvantage for people in society

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6
Q

Social inequality

A

The unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among people in society.

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7
Q

Stratification and systems of stratification

A

Stratification: The ranking of people in a hierarchy based on factors like wealth, power, and status.
Systems of stratification: Organized structures in society, like class systems or caste systems, that determine who has access to resources.

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8
Q

Institutions

A

Established structures in society that organize social behavior, like schools, governments, and religions.

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8
Q

Dimensions of inequality: Race, Class, Gender

A

These are key categories that influence people’s social standing and opportunities in society

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9
Q

Status set

A

The combination of all the statuses a person holds at one time (e.g., being a student, daughter, and employee all at once).

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10
Q

Resources

A

The things people need to succeed or thrive in society,

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11
Q

Explain what is the “great debate” on social inequality?

A

This is a debate about whether inequality in society is natural and necessary or unfair and should be eliminated.

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12
Q

Equality of outcome vs. equality of opportunity

A

Equality of outcome: Everyone should end up with the same results (like equal income).
Equality of opportunity: Everyone should have the same chances to succeed, but the results may vary based on effort and choices.

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13
Q

Lenski’s Two Perspectives of Inequality

A

Functional view: Inequality is necessary because it motivates people to work harder.
Conflict view: Inequality is unfair and comes from people in power exploiting others

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14
Q

Marx and Engels

Explain their conflict position/theoretical analysis of society

A

They believed that society is divided into two main groups: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

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15
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

The rich, owning class who control the means of production (factories, businesses).

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16
Q

Proletariat

A

The working class who sell their labor but don’t own much

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17
Q

Weber

Explain his conflict position/theoretical analysis of society

A

Weber saw society as divided by class, status, and power

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17
Q

How does Weber define “class”?

A

Economic position or wealth.

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18
Q

radical antithesis

A

Inequality is wrong and should be eliminated because it leads to exploitation and oppression.

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19
Q

Durkheim

Explain his position/theoretical analysis of society

A

Durkheim believed society functions like a body, with different parts (institutions, people) working together to maintain order (Functionalism)

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20
Q

How does Durkeim view the social order/structure?

A

He saw society as stable and cooperative

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21
Q

Solidarity

A

The bond that holds society together

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22
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Inequality is natural because some people are stronger or smarter. The best people succeed, and trying to change that goes against nature.

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22
Q

Division of Labour

A

The way jobs are divided in society, with different people doing different tasks.

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22
Q

Libertarian and Rational Choice theory

A

Rational Choice Theory: People make choices based on what benefits them.
Libertarian Perspective: Inequality is okay as long as it’s based on free choices

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23
Q

Functionalism

A

Inequality is good for society because it helps keep things organized. People get different rewards (like money or status) based on the importance of their job

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24
Q

Explain how social inequality is viewed from a rational choice perspective

A

Inequality happens because people make different choices, so it’s seen as fair.

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25
Q

Explain how social inequality is viewed from a Libertarian perspective

A

People should be able to do what they want with their own property, without the government interfering.

26
Q

Are these perspectives in line with a conservative thesis or a radical antithesis?

A

All of these perspectives agree that inequality is natural and shouldn’t be changed. They don’t argue for big changes to make things more equal.

26
Q

Globalization

A

The increasing connection of people, countries, and businesses around the world through trade, communication, technology, and culture.

27
Q

The “Race to the bottom” vs “chain of prosperity” arguments/ideas

A

Race to the bottom: The idea that as countries compete for businesses, they lower wages and weaken labor or environmental protections, leading to worse conditions for workers.
Chain of prosperity: The belief that global trade and investment can lead to shared growth and benefits, helping to lift poorer countries into prosperity.

28
Q

United Nations Human Development Report: Income, wealth, and well-being measures (health, education, etc.)

A

Measures countries’ overall development using factors like income, wealth, health (life expectancy), education (literacy and school access), and well-being

29
Q

Modernization school

A

A theory that says poor countries can develop by following the same path as wealthy countries, focusing on industrialization, education, and technology.

30
Q

Dependency Theory

A

The idea that wealthy countries keep poor countries dependent on them, taking resources and exploiting their labor, making it hard for poorer nations to develop.

31
Q

Neoliberalism

A

A belief in free markets, privatization, and minimal government interference in the economy, suggesting that economic growth happens when businesses and individuals have freedom.

32
Q

World Systems Theory

A

A theory that divides the world into wealthy “core” countries and poorer “periphery” countries. Core countries exploit periphery countries for labor and resources, keeping the global system unequal.

33
Q

Political Economy

A

The study of how political systems and economic systems are connected and how governments and markets interact to shape wealth and power.

34
Q

Globalization
Outsourcing

A

When companies move parts of their business, like manufacturing or customer service, to other countries where labor is cheaper.

35
Q

The Market Paradox

A

The Market Paradox is when people in a market are trying to do what’s best for themselves, like buying or selling things to make money, but sometimes this can end up causing problems for everyone as a whole

36
Q

Social mobility

A

The ability for a person or family to move up or down in social class, usually by gaining more education, wealth, or a better job.

37
Q

Social reproduction

A

The idea that social class tends to stay the same across generations because wealth, education, and opportunities are passed down from parents to children.

38
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Wealth
Income

A

Wealth: The total value of everything someone owns, like property, savings, and investments, minus any debts. Wealth plays a big role in determining someone’s SES.

Income: The money a person earns from work, investments, or other sources, usually on a regular basis. Income directly affects a person’s SES.

39
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Personal vs. household

A

Personal refers to something related to one individual, like personal income or personal property.
Household includes all the people living together in one home, and their combined income and resources, which together can influence the SES of the household as a whole.

40
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Occupation

A

A person’s job or profession, which affects their SES because certain jobs offer more income, respect, and social status than others.

41
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Power

A

the ability to control or influence others, make decisions, and shape society. People with more wealth, higher income, and influential jobs often have more power, which increases their SES.

42
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Prestige

A

The level of respect or admiration a person receives based on their job, achievements, or status in society. Jobs with more prestige, like doctors or lawyers, often raise someone’s SES

43
Q

Deindustrialization:

A

The decline of manufacturing industries, leading to job losses in factories and shifts toward service-based economies

44
Q

The social contract

A

An idea that there’s an agreement between the government and the people, where the government protects the rights and wellbeing of citizens in exchange for their loyalty and support.

45
Q

American Class Structure According to Gilbert

A

society is divided into 6 groups
Capitalist class
Upper-middle class
Middle class
Working class
Working poor
Underclass

46
Q

Stiglitz and the “Price of Inequality

A

Economist Joseph Stiglitz’s argument that growing inequality in wealth and income harms society, the economy, and democracy, making it harder for most people to succeed.

47
Q

Plutocracy

A

A society or system where the wealthy have most of the power and influence over government and decision-making.

48
Q

Ethnicity

A

A group of people who share a common culture, language, or heritage, which is often passed down through generations.

48
Q

Race as a Social Construction

A

The idea that race is not a biological fact but a concept created by society to categorize people based on physical traits like skin color.

49
Q

Prejudice

A

Negative or unfair thoughts, feelings, or beliefs about a person or group, often based on stereotypes.

50
Q

Individual vs. Institutional racism

A

Individual Racism: When one person has racist thoughts or actions.
Institutional Racism: When racism is built into systems like schools or the legal system

51
Q

Cultural vs. Structural Arguments of Racial Inequality

A

Cultural: Blaming a group’s way of life for their struggles.
Structural: Blaming unfair systems in society for racial inequality.

52
Q

Culture of Poverty Thesis

A

The idea that people stay poor because of habits or ways of thinking that get passed down.

53
Q

Internal colonialism

A

When a minority group is treated like they’re controlled and exploited by the larger society.

53
Q

Racial formation theory

A

: The idea that race is shaped by history and politics, and changes over time.

54
Q

William Julius Wilson’s arguments

A

Wilson argued that class (how rich or poor someone is) matters more than race in causing inequality now.

55
Q

Criminal Justice System Inequalities and Mass Incarceration

A

The unfair treatment of people of color, especially Black men, in the legal system, leading to more arrests and jail time.

56
Q

Racial Wealth gap

A

The big difference in wealth between races, with white families often having more than Black or Latino families due to unfair systems.

57
Q

Doing Gender

A

The idea that gender is not something we are, but something we actively perform in our everyday lives.

58
Q

Parson’s Sex Role Theory

A

Suggests that men and women have different roles in society based on their biological differences.

59
Q

Socialist feminist/Radical feminist

A

Socialist Feminism: Links gender inequality to capitalism and advocates for social and economic change.
Radical Feminism: Focuses on eliminating patriarchy and seeks to address the root causes of women’s oppression

60
Q

Black Feminist Thought

A

Highlights the unique experiences of Black women and how race, gender, and class intersect to create specific forms of oppression.

61
Q

Matrix of Domination

A

A concept that explains how different forms of oppression (like race, gender, and class) are interconnected and affect individuals in complex ways.

61
Q

Intersectionality

A

The idea that people can experience multiple forms of oppression (like race, gender, and class) at the same time.

62
Q

Glass ceilings and glass escalator

A

Glass Ceiling: The invisible barriers that prevent women from advancing to higher positions in their careers.
Glass Escalator: The advantages that men often experience in female-dominated professions that help them rise to higher positions more easily.

63
Q

Double burden

A

The challenge faced by working women who have to balance job responsibilities with household duties.

64
Q

Second shift

A

The extra work women often do at home after their paid jobs, including housework and childcare.

65
Q

Feminization of poverty

A

The trend where women make up an increasing proportion of those living in poverty, often due to factors like wage gaps and single parenthood.

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