Social Equity

Question 1

Differences between private and public sector for social equity

Answer 1

Governments have a special obligation to be fair and pursue equity for employees and the public. They should be representative.
Private businesses represent private interests and shareholders.
Milton Friedman argued that the resolution of social problems is the task of governments (shafritz p. 469)

Question 2

H. George Frederickson

Answer 2

Toward a New Public Administration-called for social equity to be a third pillar along with effectiveness and efficiency

Question 3

Civil Rights Act Year

Answer 3

1964. Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Question 4

Plessy V. Ferguson 1896

Answer 4

Said separate but equal was allowed. Overturned 1954.

Question 5

Equal Employment Opportunity

Answer 5

practices that prevent any individual from being adversely excluded from opportunities based on race, color, sex, etc.

Question 6

Origins of Affirmative Action: 1961-1979

Answer 6

• Kennedy originally ordered affirmative action for policy in federal govt. employment.
-Civil Rights Act 1964 established EEOC.
• Lyndon speech at Howard University 1965: you do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say, you are free to compete with the others’ and still justly believe you have been completely fair
• 1969: Nixon administration ordered agency heads to establish and maintain equal employment opportunities.
• Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972. Solidified policy of nondiscrimination. Created review processes.
• EEOC originally only responsible for EEO in private sector, by 1979 it was responsible for enforcing equal employment opportunity in government

Question 7

Representative Bureaucracy

Answer 7

Ultimate goal of EEO and AA.
1944 J. Donald Kingsley, later 1967 Samuel Krislov, “representative bureaucracy is the fullest expression of civil rights in government employment.” All social groups have a right to participate in their governing institutions.

Question 8

Legal justification for affirmative action

Answer 8

• Cases about considering affirmative action in university admissions ended up in courts. Supreme court said that race conscious practices must be time limited. Because otherwise would be against the 14th amendment.
• Race must be taken into account but not in such a non-individualized, mechanic way. Quotas bad

Question 9

Nonracial discrimination

Answer 9

Sex 
Sexual Harassment
Pregnancy   
Age 
Disabilities
Sexual Orientation