Social environment

Question 1

Personal Space (sommer, 1969)

Answer 1

An area with invisible boundaries surrounding a persons body into which intruders may not come

Question 2

Interpersonal distance (Hall, 1966)

Answer 2

Intimate: very good friends
Personal: familiar/good terms
Social: previously unacquainted
Public distances: for formal situation

Question 3

3 types of territory (Altman, 1975)

Answer 3

At work - SECONDARY TERRITORY:

Owned by the individual on a temp basis but does not own exclusive rights e.g. office space, desk etc

Question 4

Crowding

Answer 4

Invasion of personal space/territory

Constrains behaviour, disturbs equilibrium, loss of personal control

Question 5

Office Landscaping

Answer 5

Attempt to create privacy in an open plan office

Question 6

Heterogeneity and Homogeneity

Answer 6

Conductive to performance - everyone needs to work in a ‘group cohesive’ rather than ‘group conflict’ way.

Question 7

Compatibility of Interpersonal Needs

Answer 7

Stress is reduced if colleagues are socially/mutually supportive (French and Caplan, 1972)

Schutz (1978) FIRO measure discusses interpersonal needs relation to how much a person wants (W) from others or expresses (E) to others with respect to:
Inclusion, Control, Affection

Question 8

Belbin (1996)

Answer 8

Team-role inventory

Effective group needs a combination of personalities so one initiaties, one coordinates, one summarises etc

Question 9

Ohio State Leadership Studies (1940s): 2 underlying leader behaviour styles

Answer 9

Consideration: extent to which leader shows trust, respect and consideration of employees ideas and feelings

Initiating structure: extent to which the leader defines their own and others’ roles towards goal attainment

Question 10

Michigan Leadership Studies (Likert, 1950s)

Answer 10

2 styles of leaders:
Employee-oriented
Task Oriented

Question 11

Transformational and Transactional Leaders (Bass, 1985)

Answer 11

Transactional: contingent reward, management by exception
Transformational: charisma, individual consideration, intellectual stimulation, vision

Question 12

Contingency Theories

Answer 12

Consider that some types of leadership are more or less appropriate depending on the aspects of the current work situation

Question 13

Vroom and Jago (1988) Leader Participation Model

Answer 13

Leader are more precipitative is subordinates committed, no time pressure and the decision info is less clear

Question 14

Hershey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory (1982)

Answer 14

Delegating, participating, selling and telling depends upon the maturity of the subordinates. Telling is for the less mature