Social Developments Flashcards
What was Marxists view of Work?
Marx holds that work has the potential to be something creative and fulfilling. He consequently rejects the view of work as a necessary evil, denying that the negative character of work is part of our fate, a universal fact about the human condition that no amount of social change could remedy.
When was the declaration of the rights of toiling and exploited people introduced?
January 4th, 1918
How many industrial enterprises were closed between March and August of 1917?
570
How many were unemployed in October 1918?
75%
How many groups was rationing divided into, and which groups got the most food?
6 groups, working class got the most
What percentage of people living in Moscow in 1920 used communal dining halls?
93% of people living in Moscow in 1920 used
communal dining halls
What market did people turn too during War Communism?
The black market
How many administrators were dismissed at the end of War Communism?
225,000
Why was War communism unsuccessful
- July 1920 – factories had fuel shortages and
began to close - War Communism never provided more than
50% of food and fuel that people needed to live
on - Turned to the black market
What percentage of unemployed people in 1922 were women?
62.2% of unemployed people
What was included in the 1922 labour law?
- Negotiation agreements about pay and working conditions with
employers - Social Insurance for 9m workers - Disability, maternity,
unemployment and medical benefits - Investment in education for urban workers and families
When was labour discipline ended and what could be punished?
- Labour discipline stopped in 1940
- Criminalisation of Lateness
- Unions could not negotiate with factory
managers - Damaging factory property was
criminalized - Strikes were banned
- Continuous work week
- One day off a week changes from week
to week
How many railways were built in the 1930s?
30,000km of railways were built
How much did the Industrial workforce increase by between 1945-50?
8m to 12.2m
What were the benefits during the 5 years plans?
- Workers entitled to food rations
- 1933 most Soviet citizens had access to electricity
- Moscow Metro opens
- Increase in healthcare provisions and vaccinations campaigns
- Factory and farm canteens provided meals for workers
How much did infant mortality decline by between 1945 and 1950?
Infant mortality declined by 50%
How much did medical doctors increase by between 1945 and 1952?
Increase of medical doctors by 2/3rds in 1945-52
In what year did cases of Malaria begin to decline
1949 onwards
Negatives of social benefits in 1945 - 53
- Planned economy struggled to produce simple consumer
goods (soap and warm clothing) led to health problems - Major food problems and shortages
- Sanitation was often inadequate
- Poor hygiene education
When was rent reintroduced?
1921
What percentage of urban housing was denationalised during the NEP?
Between 60-80% of urban housing was denationalised
What percentage of urban housing was denationalised during the NEP?
Between 60-80% of urban housing
was denationalised
What percentage of house buildings were undertaken by private companies during the NEP?
During the NEP 89% of house
buildings was undertaken by
private companies
What was the Kommunalka and was the average size of them?
Communal apartments
1940 average was 4
square meters, families would share a single small room
What happened to the electrification in the 1930’s
1930s electrification campaign slowed
How many individuals did not have a single bathhouse in the Liubertsy District?
In Liubertsy District
650,000 people did not have a single bathhouse
What was Magnitogorsk?
planned during the 1st five year plan, prioritised factories above housing
How many urban housing was destroyed during WW2?
1/3 of urban housing was destroyed during WW2
In the Moscow Coalfields how many beds were available for 26,000 workers?
- 15,000 beds for 26,000 workers
- Furniture was also scarce
What happened to half of building projects outside Moscow in 1948
Half of 1948 house buildings projects outside Moscow
spent 40% of their budget and were never completed
How many farming villages were built between 1945 and 1950?
4500 farming villages were built
How many communal buildings were built between 1945 and 1950?
31,000 communal buildings
How many homes were constructed or renovated between 1945 and 1950?
919,000 homes
What was the healthcare budget in 1950 and then 1959?
- 21.4 billion roubles in 1950
- 44.0 billion roubles in 1959
What was the pension budget in 1950 and then 1965?
- 1 million in 1950
- 4.4 million in 1965
What was included in new reforms in 1961?
- Free Lunches in schools, offices and factories
- Free public transport
- Full pensions and healthcare rights for farmers
What was the Seven Sisters?
- Developed under Stalin with
similarities to Socialist Realism - Construction was expensive
- Government buildings rather than
private housing - Khrushchev was highly critical of
these buildings. A part of
destalinisation
What was the Khrushchyovka and what was included in the apartments?
- Constructed quickly from prefabricated
concrete panels, standardised windows
and doors - 5 storey Apartments
- Bathroom
- Kitchen
- Two bedrooms
- Recreated privacy
- Small but bigger than the Kommunalka
In what years under Stalin and Krushchev did urban housing double?
1950-65
What was included in the Social Contract?
- Job security through full employment
- Low prices for essentials
- Thriving second economy (Black market)
- Social benefits including free healthcare
- Free health care
- Subsidised rent and utilities
- Extended to holidays from 1970s
- Some social mobility
What was the percentage of hidden unemployment in the 1970s?
20% of hidden unemployment
How many vacancies were there in the late 1970s?
Late 1970s – 1 million vacancies
What percentage did infant mortality increase too in the 1970s?
3% to 7% in 1970s
What percent of Russians were out of work by 1985
2% of Russians were out of work by 1985
What number did Life expectancy decrease too in the 1970s?
68 to 64 in males
