social development and psychology

Question 1

According to Ainsworth, the reaction of insecurely attached (anxious/ resistant)
infants in the Strange Situation is to show:

Answer 1

considerable distress and panic when mother leaves but emotional
ambivalence when she returns.

Question 2

The Social Learning Theory of socialisation stresses that a child

Answer 2

learns by imitation, reward and punishment.

Question 3

Bowlby argues that attachment is due to

Answer 3

the infant‟s built-in tendency to seek contact with an adult and to fear the
unfamiliar

Question 4

According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects
a person‟s approach to moral problems as a member of society, where the person is
interested in pleasing others by acting as a good member of society?

Answer 4

Conventional morality

Question 5

According to Piaget, a preoperational child is likely to say that

Answer 5

a boy who breaks ten cups accidentally is naughtier than someone who breaks
one cup intentionally.

Question 6

As an alternative to Kohlberg’s view of moral reasoning, Carol Gilligan proposed that
women’s moral development is based on a standard of ________, and that the
moral reasoning of men is based on a standard of ________.

Answer 6

caring for others; justice

Question 7

Harlow studied the role of surrogate mothers in comforting the infant monkey during
times of danger or stress. He found that:

Answer 7

the cloth mother, but not the wire mother, was effective in comforting the
infant during times of stress

Question 8

refers to a tendency for information noticed early on to bias your
impression of another person more than information picked up later on

Answer 8

A halo effect

Question 9

Laura failed her driving test, but attributes her failure to a difficult test; her friend
Rashmi, also failed her driving test. Laura automatically assumes that Rashmi failed
her driving test because she is stupid. Laura‟s beliefs are MOST consistent with the
________.

Answer 9

self-serving bias

Question 10

The two types of social influence that can encourage conformity are called ________.

Answer 10

(a) coercive and manipulative
(b) autocratic and beneficent
(c) informational and normative
(d) subjective and objective

Question 11

Based on research about forming impressions, if you were interviewing a candidate
for a job, the earliest point at which you would be able to assess the candidate would
be after ________ of speaking with the candidate

Answer 11

an hour

(b) 10 seconds
(c) five minutes
(d) several hours

Question 12

People are more likely to seek social comparison when:

Answer 12

a situation is well-understood and social consensus is needed

Question 13

In the Asch line-judgment studies, when one of the confederates called out a different
wrong answer to the others:

Answer 13

rates of conformity reduced.

Question 14

When people attempt to determine why an individual behaved in a certain way, they
tend to:

Answer 14

overlook both situational and dispositional causes in assigning reasons for
behaviour.

Question 15

An example of ________ is the decision by NASA to launch the space shuttle,
Challenger, despite widespread concerns about its booster rockets.

Answer 15

groupthink

Question 16

Self-perception theory states that

Answer 16

people come to understand themselves by making inferences from their
behaviour and the events surrounding their behaviour.

Question 17

Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted a classic experiment on induced
compliance. They paid people either $1 or $20 to tell a small lie to someone about
how fun the experiment was (when it was actually not fun). Their results showed that:

Answer 17

participants who were paid less money enjoyed the task more

Question 18

In an IAT procedure:

Answer 18

participants complete a questionnaire measuring social desirability

Question 19

Karen decides to sign up at a local dating agency. On her first visit to the website she
is asked to list the qualities she is looking for in a potential partner. What partner
attributes are MOST LIKELY to be at the top of her list?

Answer 19

Warmth and trustworthiness

Question 20

The investment model suggests that relationship commitment is determined by:

Answer 20

satisfaction level, quality of alternatives and investment size.

Question 21

. Research on parenting has identified four main parenting styles. Name and briefly describe
TWO of the parenting styles. Give an example of how a parent may interact with a child to
demonstrate each parenting style.

Answer 21

Authoritarian: parents with this style of parenting often use punishment are power assertive, and have little attention to child’s autonomy: parents like this are likely to harshly punish a child if they have done something wrong

Authoritative-reciprocal: parents have open communication with child and make appropriate demands: if their child has done broken a rule or done something wrong they are likely to explain what the problem is and why it is wrong with little punishment

Question 22

Research on infant temperament by Kagan and colleagues demonstrated that some
infants are low-reactive infants “Born Bold” and others are high-reactive infants
“Born Shy”. Briefly describe the concept of Temperament. Describe “Born Bold” and
“Born Shy” temperaments and provide an example of an infant‟s behavior for each
category.

Answer 22

person’s or animal’s nature, especially as it permanently affects their behaviour.
being born shy can look like a child that prefers to cling to their mother when new people are around and doesn’t play with many children, prefers to stay alone

Being born bold can look like a child that’s really outgoing and enjoys playing with others leaves mother with ease