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Soc 225 - final > Social Control Theory > Flashcards

Social Control Theory Flashcards

1
Q

3 assumptions of sct?

A
  1. humans are neither good nor evil
  2. no special motivation is needed to explain deviance
  3. conformity needs to be explained
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2
Q

what does sct ask?

A

why arent we all deviant?

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3
Q

why do people obey the law?

A

behaviour is controlled by attachment and commitment to conventional institutions, individuals and processes

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4
Q

so why do people break the law?

A

because behaviours + passions are not controlled by society

- commitment to conformity is weakened/absent

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5
Q

three theories within social control theories?

A
  • social disorganization theory
  • social bond theory
  • general theory of crim
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6
Q

what is social disorganization theory?

A

believes deviance is highest in disorganized communities that lack social controls
- macro level feature leading to criminality

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7
Q

what is social bond theory?

A

deviance will result if bonds to society are weak or broken

- between macro and micro levels

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8
Q

what is general theory of crime?

A

low self-control increases likelihood of deviance

- micro level

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9
Q

3 main pressures on the individual that create restraints?

A
  1. society
  2. neighbourhood
  3. environment
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10
Q

Durkheim + the importance of social integration

A

D believed social bonds [how connected we feel to others in society, country, city] were v important.

    • broader societal forces. (ie. anomie, normlessness)
  • sense of collectiveness
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11
Q

D defines deviance how?

A

social organization is weak + individual lacks moral guidance

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12
Q

how deviance increases/decreases with rules + consensus?

A

strong rules + consensus about validity/ importance = less deviance

weak rules + limited agreement = more deviance

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13
Q

gangs predominate where?

A

where there were breaks in the structure of social organization, weak social controls
- city “slums”

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14
Q

2 descriptors for city “slums”

A
  • physical deterioration

- high resident turnover

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15
Q

Shaw + mckay: ecological analysis of deviance + gangs

A

deviance originates in social disorganization of communities

- most delinquency near city centre/poor areas, less delinquency as radiated outwards from core.

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16
Q

examples of social disorganization?

A

limited access to important services, pro-social activities, and weak/non-existent relationships between residents.

  • exposure to criminal subculture led to deviant behaviour.
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17
Q

why may social disorganization = deviance?

A

inadequate social controls - nothing to inhibit.

–> criminal subcultures developed in these areas

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18
Q

why having institutions isnt enough to fix the problem?

A

over-policing is a problem, what matters is the QUALITY of relation btw ppl + police.

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19
Q

are all crime neighbourhoods socially disorganized?

A

nah

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20
Q

3 types of social bonds?

A

parents
peers
school/work

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21
Q

hirschi’s social bonds theory ?

A

linked the onset of criminality to the weakening of ties that bind people to society
- commitment, willingness, attachment to rules differs btw ppl.

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22
Q

what are the 4 classifications of social bonds?

- these 4 things protect from engaging in crime?

A

attachment: affective (emotional) ties with others
commitment: degree to which an individual pursues conventional goals
involvement: degree to which an individual is active in conventional activities
belief: belief in conventional goals + legitimacy of the law.

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23
Q

Case of Tyrone William Con

- life story?

A
  • born to 15yoa parents, abandoned + raised by grandparents.
  • abused in foster homes : deprived + abandoned.
  • criminal career started early..
  • studied psych + soc in prison, escaped from prison a few times.
  • wanted to speak about effects of child abuse
  • died of gsw.
  • social bonds? agency?
24
Q

what is self-control?

A

control on the self, agency

25
Q

self-control: the general theory of crime

  • whats the theory?
  • what is the “cause”
A
  • low self-control: more likely to commit crime and engage in risky activity when given opportunity
    • due to child-rearing practices; early childhood socialization
26
Q

self-control has impacts on measures of success - which ones?

A

high school completion, uni degree, job, strength of personal relationships

27
Q

the marshmallow experiment

A
  • mischel: those who had low s-c, low delay of gratification: lower academic scores/achievement, less social fxning, more behavioural problems.
28
Q

challenge the theory: if bonds stay the same throughout life, why do crime rates change as we age?

A
  • if bonds stay same, should see ppl commiting same crime throughout life, but over time, see ppl decrease crime through age.
29
Q

Sampson + Laub Life- Course-Developmental Theory

  • redefinition?
  • deflected from criminal trajectory by what?
  • what about social bonds changes over time?
A
  • attachment + commitment of social bond theory = SOCIAL CAPITAL
  • deflected when they come to TURNING POINTS - strengthens social support system.
  • QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF social bonds changes over time.
30
Q

function of social capital?

A

creates stake in society

  • creates conformity
  • gained as we age/enter adulthood
31
Q

3 functions of family relationships?

A
  1. strength of family ties: warm, affectionate correlated to lower delinquency.
  2. parental supervision/discipline: clear, consistent, explicity discipline = less delinquency. [not too constraining/restrictive tho or will increase delinquency]
  3. parental role model: pro-social parents is model for child to be the same. [model can increase violent/criminal behaviour too tho]
32
Q

school attachment affects delinquency in 2 ways?

A
  1. take over occupational socialization functions [teaches pro-social things.]
  2. school is related to delinquency through its effects on children’s daily lives [closer bond in community = better success]
33
Q

study on expulsion and suspension?

A
  • moral panic about youth violence = more suspensions/explusions
  • early aggression NEEDS strong social bond to protect from violence.
  • strong social bond acts as protective factor against the influence of peers who committed non-violent delinquency
  • suspension + expulsion = counter-productive.
34
Q

why are suspensions/expulsions counter-productive?

A
  • hard time in school/life = weak social bonds. + taking them out of school = weaker social bond. need to strengthen social bond to pull them out of deviance.
35
Q

sports and social bonds?

A
  • maybe not as protective as we think; varies.
  • hass found no support for sport decreasing delinquency. some sports INCREASE delinquency
  • Hartmann + Masoglia: athletic involvement may decrease shop-lifting but increase drunk driving.
36
Q

are delinquents detached loners who have broken bonds to family + friends?

A
  • perhaps no. many ppl have strong social bonds + commit crimes.
37
Q

what is egoistic suicide?

A

situation where a person’s social ties are so weak that they are freed from social constraints and acts only on the basis of private interests.

38
Q

what is anomic suicide?

A

lack of social integration, caused by factors such as rapid economic change, leaves a society without clear system of moral beliefs and sentiments.

39
Q

why control theory all but disappeared from the scene??

A
  • early research was methodologically flawed. IVs were related to each other + DEGREE of social control was never measured, rather was inferred.
  • ecological fallacy problem.
40
Q

what is ecological fallacy?

A

error made when info is gathered at group level + conclusions are drawn about individuals.
- ie. high crime rate in area with high unemployment. =/= crimes are committed by unemployed.

41
Q

reiss: distinguished social and personal controls.

define the terms

A

social controls: ties to primary groups (family, community)

personal controls ( internatized by the individual)

42
Q

reiss: why may there be delinquency?

A

if social AND personal controls are absent, break down, in conflict, cannot be enforced = delinquency.

success or failure of probation assoc with presence or absence of BOTH factors

43
Q

nye: developed what?

A

technique for measuring self-reported delinquency and gathered his data from random sample of hs students.

44
Q

nye theoretical perspective?

A

control theory assumes delinquency IS NOT CAUSED by but PREVENTED BY controls.

45
Q

nye: what group is most significant in development of social control?

A

family!

- enforced, and determined child’s internal controls.

46
Q

religion on criminality – conventional wisdom

A

strong religious are not likely to become criminals

47
Q

current view on religion on criminality?

A
  • no relationship in communities where religious participation is low
  • in communities where religious participation is high, there is a relation btw religion + delinquency.

ex: provo: high church membership: more likely to not be delinquent and attend church than in seattle where there’s low church membership.

48
Q

issues with social control theory

A

doesnt focus on occupational crime

49
Q

what is watergate affair

A

highly placed US government officials concealed their involvement in an unsuccessful plot to break into the offices of the Democratic National Committee

50
Q

situational controls in watergate affair?

A

low punishment

likelihood of sanctions was low.

51
Q

three elements to controlling deviance

A
  1. monitor behaviour
  2. recognize deviance
  3. punish deviant behaviour
52
Q

role of delinquent peers - depends on what?

A

integration of control theory with the differential association theory

  • because it acknowledges the weakness in binding individual to conventional (control system)
  • but also the association with delinquents increases criminality
53
Q

when are people more likely to conform?

A

when they stand to gain by doing so.

54
Q

problem children usually come from?

A

parents not knowing how to punish their children.

55
Q

best way for parents to shape behaviour?

A

nonphysical punishments, rewarding good conduct, interacting more positively

56
Q

factors differentiating good from bad schools?

A

standards and values set + maintained by school, degree of student-participation in decision making, school + class size, staff turnover, degree of concentration of intellectually + socially disadvantaged pupils.

Soc 225 - final (4 decks)

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