Social Cognitive Views of Learning and Motivation Flashcards
What is the social cognitive theory?
Social cognitive theory is the combination of social learning theory–which deals with learning through modeling and observation–and cognitive learning theory–which is concerned with the self, thinking, beliefs, and critique.
Overall, social cognitive theory explains how people develop social, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral capabilities
How does social cognitive theory differ from behaviorism?
Social cognitive theory differs from behaviorism in that it recognizes personal will and motivations rather than direct influences from environmental stimuli
What is triadic reciprocal causality?
The triadic reciprocal causality explains the major influences of social cognitive theory: personal, environmental, and behavioral.
How are the three influences mentioned relevant to the social cognition theory?
Personal factors are internal influences, including beliefs, expectations, cognitive abilities, motivation, attitudes, and knowledge.
The physical and social environment are the external factors that influence learning such as resources, feedback, reinforcement, other people, models and teachers, physical setting.
Behavior concerns with individual actions and choices
All three influence each other
What are the elements of observational learning?
attention, retention by rehearsal, production of observed behavior and practice, motivation to perform modeled behavior, and reinforcement to persist in behavior and continue learning
What causes an individual to learn and perform modeled behaviors and skills?
- the developmental level of the observer;
- the status and competence of the model;
- the degree of which the model is similar to the observer;
- observed consequences of the model’s actions/behaviors;
- actions viewed by observer as appropriate, attainable, rewarding;
- actions that help observer attain goals;
- observer’s self-efficacy for performing modeled behavior
How can teachers encourage observational learning?
- Model behaviors/attitudes
- Use peers as models-group students who do well with students who struggle.
- Show positive behavior leads to positive reinforcement
- Enlist help of class leaders
What is self-efficacy?
Self-efficacy is the sense of competence toward a particular task
What is agency?
Human agency is the capacity to coordinate one’s learning skills, motivation, and emotions to reach goal; Agency is what distinguishes behaviorism and social theory of behaviorism
What are the elements of agency?
Make intentional choices, design course of actions, motivate and regulate execution of plans
What is the difference between self-efficacy, self-concept, and self-esteem?
- Self-efficacy is our sense of competence
- Self-concept is our global self-perception, meaning that it is based on external and internal comparisons
- Self-esteem is associated with judgments about our self-worth based on our values
What are the sources of self-efficacy?
- mastery experience, which is our own direct experiences with tasks;
- vicarious experience, which involves observing others perform tasks associated with our interests;
- social persuasion, which relies on feedback from others;
- and physiological and emotional arousal, which is our degree of excitement to learn and perform tasks successfully, or reactions causing one to fell alert, attentive wide awake, excited, or tense
How does self-efficacy affect learning and teaching?
High self-efficacy influences greater effort, motivation, and performance, as well as persistence and goal-setting
Under what conditions does self-efficacy increase?
- When students adopt short-term goals
- When students use specific learning strategies
- When students receive achievement rewards
How can teachers encourage self-efficacy in students?
- Important to not over or underestimate ability to perform a task successfully
- Emphasize progress in area
- Set learning goals and model mastery
- Give specific feedback for improvements
- Remind student of past efforts resulting in accomplishments
How does self-efficacy relate to teachers?
Self-efficacy in teachers manifests in the belief in the ability to reach even difficult students.
Therefore, teachers take responsibility for students student learning
What are important factors help develop self-efficacy in teachers
Mastery of content knowledge, vicarious experience, and social sources are important factors in developing efficacy as a teacher
What is self-regulation?
Self-regulation is a process of activating and sustaining thoughts, behaviors, and emotions in order to reach our goals.
What are the characteristics of self-regulated learners?
Academic learning skills
Self-awareness
Self-control
Motivation for learning
What influences self-regulation?
knowledge (about self, subject, task, strategies for learning, context for applying learning), motivation (belief that intelligence and abilities are improvable), volition/will-power (deliberate, effortful, voluntary persistence)
What is the social cognitive model of self-regulated learning?
Self-regulated learning is a process that involves three phases: forethought, performance, and reflection.
Forethought phase
a process in which specific goals are set and motivation/beliefs are set
performance phase
applying self-control, specific learning strategies, and self-observations
reflection phase
looking back and evaluating what happened and outcomes of performance
What are the social processes that help develop self-regulated learning?
- Co-regulation (work of parents, teachers, and mentors in modeling, direct teaching, and coaching)
- Shared regulation (students working together to regulate each other using reminders, prompts, and guidance)
What role does technology serve in self-regulation?
Technology helps self-regulation by presenting scaffolds and prompts.
What does emotional self-regulation mean?
Emotional self-regulation means interpreting emotions in self and others, identifying actions in an emotional context, and regulating emotions in social situations
What is Cognitive Behavior Modification?
Cognitive behavior modification is a self-regulation technique that focuses on self-talk and self-instruction to regulate behavior
What are the benefits of self-talk?
Self-talks prompts listening, planning, working and checking
How do teacher deal with stress, efficacy, and self-regulated learning
Teachers need to learn emotional skills, mindfulness stress reduction, and compassion training to deal with stress.
How can the teacher design a classroom for self-regulation?
- assigning complex, but meaningful tasks;
- allowing for shared control by giving students choices;
- developing opportunities for students to self evaluate progress;
- using cooperative tasks to create a climate of community.
How to approach complex tasks?
Complex tasks address multiple goals and possess large chunks of meaning
How to share control?
the teacher should model decision making and allow students to take responsibility for planning, goal-setting, and monitoring progress
How can teachers influence students’ self-evaluation?
involve students in creating evaluation criteria
How do teachers collaborate with their students, etc.?
create classroom routines with students to establish norms for participation and co-regulate one another’s learning
