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Social Psychology > Social Cognition and the Self > Flashcards

Social Cognition and the Self Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Cognition

Define Social Cognition

A

How we organise our thoughts to navigate the social world
- how we perceive ourselves and others

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2
Q

Social Cognition

Automatic processes

A

Uncontrollable or unconscious processes
- Gut reactions
- Knee jerk responses
Tend to be captured via implicit measures
Influenced by priming!

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3
Q

Social Cogniton

Controlled Processes

A
  1. Deliberate and intentional behaviors
    - Potentially limited
    - Goal-dependent
    - Requires awareness of behavior
    - Often captured by explicit measures
  2. Dependent on motivations
    - Self-determination theory
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4
Q

Cues which impact perceptions

How can faces impact social perceptions?

A
  1. Gaze and eye contact
  2. Facial features (gender, race, age)
  3. Inferred personality traits
    - Dominance
    - Maturity
    - Trustworthiness
    - Aggression
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5
Q

Cues which impact perceptions

How can the environment impace social perceptions?

A

Can dictate appropriate behavior
- Classroom
- Library
- Pub
Can alter others perceptions
- Dangerous situations
- Ambiguous cues

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6
Q

Self-schema

Semantic network model

A
  1. Mental links form between concepts
  2. Common properties provide basis for mental link.
  3. Shorter path between concepts = stronger association in memory
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7
Q

Self-schema

Spreading activation

A
  1. Concept is activated in semantic network, spread in any number of directions, activating other nearby associations in network
  2. Nearby activated concepts inform behavior
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8
Q

Self-schema

Self-schema

A
  1. Cognitive representations of oneself that one uses to organize and process self-relevant information
  2. Consists of the important behaviors and attributes
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9
Q

Self-schema

Self-reference effect

A

Easier to remember self-referent words as they are processed through self-schemas

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10
Q

Self-schema

Self-perception theory

A
  1. Our own behavior is used as a basis for inference
  2. Different motivations guide our behaivor
    - Intrinsic motivation
    - Extrinsic motivation
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11
Q

Self-determination theory

External/Extrinsic motivations

A
  1. Behavior that is driven by external rewards
  2. Rewards are unrelated to behavior i.e. Approval from others, Monetary gain

Externally motivated behaviors are not reflective of the self

May reduce motivation to repeat those behaviors in the future

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12
Q

Self-determination theory

Internal/intrinsic motivations

A
  1. Behavior driven by self-interest
  2. No explicit reward for behavior
    - Behavior is rewarding in itself

Internally motivated behaviors more reflective of the self

Associated with increased motivations to repeat the behavior

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13
Q

Self-esteem

Social comparison theory

A
  1. Use others to evaluate our own abilities and characteristics
  2. Think of ourselves in terms of what makes us unique
  3. Upward versus downward comparisons
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14
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

3 different selves

A
  1. Actual self: The person we think we are right now, including the good and bad qualities, group memberships, and other self-concept components
  2. Ideal self: The person we hope to become. The best version of our
    potential.
  3. Ought self: What other people want us to be. Includes cultural, parental,
    and romantic partner expectations.
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15
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

Self-Presentation Theory

A

We adapt ourselves to fit into the situation we are in
We present ourselves a certain way to make an impression on others thorugh impression management and self-monitoring

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16
Q

Self-presentation theory

What is self-control?

A

Ability to override our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors to implement different behaviors which are appropriate for the situation.

Self control is used to balance self expression/actual self with self-presentation/ought or ideal self

17
Q

Self-control

Strength Model of Self Control - Baumeister, Vohs, and Tice (2007)

A
  1. Self-control is dependent on limited resources (e.g., glucose)
    - Stress depletes these resources
  2. Self-regulation as a muscle
    - Prolonged use of self-control causes “fatigue”
    - Resources need replenished before further use
18
Q

Self-control

What are some issues with the strength model for self control theory?

A
  1. Providing motivational incentives eliminates self-control failure (Muraven & Slessareva, 2003)
  2. Belief of unlimited self-control (willpower) moderates self-control failure (Job, Dweck, & Walton, 2010)
  3. Teaching participants about self-control failure reduces the effects of self-control failure (Wan & Sternthal, 2008)
19
Q

Self-control

Process Model for Self Control - Inzlicht et al. (2014)

A
  1. Stress shifts motivation away from control and further coping
  2. Motivation temporarily shifted towards rewarding behavior
    - Resources are not depleted after
    stress, just redirected
20
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

Self-Discrepancy Theory

A
  1. Self-discrepancy occurs when our selves do not align
  2. Can lead to mental health problems
    - Depression
    - Social phobia
    - Eating disorders
    - Poor self-esteem
21
Q

Self-esteem

What is self esteem?

A
  1. Indicates how you are doing in terms of successes and social acceptance versus failures and social rejection
  2. Confidence in one’s abilities
  3. Self-worth or respect
22
Q

Social Comparison Theory

Upward Social Comparison

A

When we compare ourselves to someone who is better than us, often to improve on a particular skill

23
Q

Social Comparison theory

Downward social comparison

A

When we compare ourselves to someone who is worse than us, often to feel better

24
Q

Self-esteem

Locus of control
(Internal vs external)

A

Internal locus of control:
- People can affect what happens to them
- Good and bad experiences are of people’s own making
- Better coping, less anxiety

External locus of control:
- People who believe that what happens to them is outside of their control
- Higher rates of psychological disorders
- Poorer self-esteem

25
Q

Self-esteem

“Dark side” of boosing self-esteem

A

Inflating self-esteem may lead to:
- Narcissism
- False confidence
- Lack of empathy
- Academic problems
- And more!

Social Psychology (5 decks)

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