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social cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts and other strategies to reduce cognitive load in decision making

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2
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Judgement of probability that object A belongs to class B by similarity and resemblance

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3
Q

Errors in Representative Heuristic

A

Overlooking

a. Base rate probability
b. Sample size
c. Effect of chance

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4
Q

Adjustment and Anchoring

A

Estimating the value by anchoring on an actual value and then making adjustments

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5
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Judgement of the probability of an event depends on ease of retrieval of information (instances of events)

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6
Q

Availability Heuristic is affected by

A

a. Retrievability (familiarity or salience of info)
b. Effectiveness of search
c. Imaginability (easier to imagine, the more available it is)

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7
Q

In-group inflation

A

To what extent you think your group has contributed to history

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8
Q

Parochial knowledge Bias

A

Historical events involving in-group can be assessed with more fluency

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9
Q

Three predictions of week 8 availability heuristic paper

A
  1. Parochial knowledge should exist in memory
  2. Degree of parochial knowledge correlates with in-group inflation
  3. In-group inflation should attenuate if we equate the relative accessibility with in- and out-group events (make out-group events more accessible, while leaving in-group alone)
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10
Q

Fluency Test

A

List out important historical events (in-state and out-state for experiment 1 but only out-state in experiment 2)

  • generally, in-state participants can list more events than out-state
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11
Q

When are heuristics used?

A
  • familiar domains
  • approach emotions
  • unimportant tasks
  • when accuracy is not important
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12
Q

Prospect Theory: Gain Frame

A

Risk averse — don’t take the risk, prefer a sure outcome

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13
Q

Prospect Theory: Loss Frame

A

Risk seeking — already at a loss, not much left to lose, would have more to gain instead so rather choose the one with at least some chance of gain

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14
Q

Subjective Value Function

A

The amount of psychological impact that a certain amount of gain vs loss has on an individual

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15
Q

Subjective Value Function: Gain vs Loss

A

Steeper for losses, loss has a more significant SVF compared to gain

In general, people are loss averse, they rather not lose

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16
Q

Role of the Unconscious

A

Better when we are distracted but we know that we are going to be asked about it again later.

Because, unconscious is not limited by cognitive capacity, allows us to organise information

Also see an increase in clustering — organisation of information

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17
Q

Heider, Social Inferences

A

Humans have a natural tendency to explain behaviours using human-like traits

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18
Q

Common Sense Psychology

A

People ascribe causes to others’ actions

a. Person — Traits, character, disposition, motivation
b. Situation

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19
Q

Personal Causality

A

Intentional

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20
Q

Impersonal Causality

A

No intention, on accident or due to the situation

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21
Q

Kelly, Social Inferences

A

Discounting and Augmentation principle

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22
Q

Discounting Principle

A

Aware of multiple plausible causes of behaviour but the presence of a facilitation cause leads all other plausible causes to be discounted

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23
Q

Facilitative Cause

A

Cause that is present that is sufficient in promoting the behaviour

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24
Q

Augmentation Principle

A

Presence of an inhibitory cause would augment the perceived role of the facilitative cause

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25
Q

Inhibitory Cause

A

Something that would prevent the behaviour from occurring

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26
Q

Consistency

A

Actor behaves the same way, towards the same stimulus, all the time

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27
Q

Distinctiveness

A

Actor behaves the same way, toward other stimuli

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28
Q

Consensus

A

Other people behave the same way, toward the same stimulus

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29
Q

Internal Attribution (Consistency, Distinctiveness, Consensus)

A

Consistency: High
Distinctiveness: Low
Consensus: Low

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30
Q

External Attribution (Consistency, Distinctiveness, Consensus)

A

Consistency: High
Distinctiveness: High
Consensus: High

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31
Q

Correspondence Bias (Fundamental Attribution Error)

A

Tendency to infer other people’s behaviour as corresponding to their disposition, hence underestimating situational influences

32
Q

Spontaneous Trait Inference

A

Behaviour leads to a trait inference

  • without the perceiver’s awareness
  • and in the absence of an explicit intention
33
Q

Relearning (in STI)

A

Info that is already learned (or inferred by yourself) and stored in memory is easier to learn again

34
Q

Reaction Time (Probe Recognition, in STI)

A

RT to affirm the presence of accessible information should be faster — judging if an implied word was in the sentence

35
Q

Moral Evaluation

A
  1. Responsibility attribution
  2. Blame assignment

When the outcome could have been different/avoided, tend to put more blame on the person even if they are not responsible

36
Q

Attitudes

A

Evaluative feelings and thoughts

37
Q

Implicit Attitudes

A
  • Involuntary, uncontrollable, unconscious
  • Stems from experience, affective
  • IAT
38
Q

Explicit Attitudes

A
  • Conscious endorsement
  • Reflect more recent, accessible events
  • Self-report
39
Q

Embodiment

A

Attitudes are embodied, tied to bodily experience

Valence stimuli elicits valence-compatible actions — positive leads to approach & negative leads to avoidance

40
Q

3 components of Attitude Structure

A

Affective
Behavioural
Cognitive

41
Q

Affective

A

emotion, values, no logical/rational basis

42
Q

Behavioural

A

actions, observing your own behaviour, initial attitude is weak or ambiguous and can develop into affective or cognitive evaluations

43
Q

Cognitive

A

thoughts and beliefs, pros and cons

44
Q

Functions of Attitude

A
  1. Objective appraisal
  2. Value expressive function
  3. Social adjustment
45
Q

Objective Appraisal

A

Make sense of the world, to know what is good or bad, know to approach rewards and avoid pain

46
Q

Value Expressive Function

A

Demonstrate personal standards, values and orientations instead of always relying on others and conforming to social norms

47
Q

Social Adjustment

A

Promote social belonging and interpersonal priorities

48
Q

MODE Model

A

Motivation and Opportunity as DEterminants
- a dual process model
Motivation and opportunity determine which process drives behaviour
- situation automatically activates pre-existing attitudes = spontaneous
- given motivation and opportunity = deliberative

49
Q

Curvilinear Relationship

A

Peak at very high certainty, Bottom out at moderate certainty and shows a Slight uptick at very Low certainty

As certainty decreases, advocacy decreases, but at very Low certainty, there is a slight uptick in advocacy, depicting a J-shaped curve

50
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

When there is attitude-behaviour inconsistency

51
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

a. Central route
- in-depth, thoughtful analysis
- quality and strength of arguments are important

b. Peripheral route
- emotion
- attractiveness, popularity and expertise are important

52
Q

Which route to take in ELM?

A

Motivation: relevance, need for cognition
Ability: time, knowledge, complexity

53
Q

Heuristic-Systematic Model

A

Heuristic: simple rules-of-thumb, depend on conclusion to be persuaded

Systematic: detailed processing of message content

54
Q

Which route to take in HSM?

A

Involvement, likability, number of arguments

55
Q

Similarities between ELM and HSM

A

Route to take is dependent on cognitive capacity and motivation, takes into account the least effort assumption

Motivation: relevance, attractiveness — involvement, likability
Cognitive capacity: ability (time, knowledge, complexity) —number of arguments

56
Q

Differences in ELM and HSM

A

ELM: mutually exclusive, either central or peripheral
HSM: can co-occur

ELM: central route is fuelled by need to be accurate
peripheral route does not address motives
HSM: no overriding motives, instead takes into account other motives accuracy, defensive, impression), same motive can affect both processing modes

57
Q

Stereotypes

A

Generalised beliefs associating a group with certain traits
Cognitive in nature, thoughts can be positive or negative
- groupness, humanness, valence

58
Q

Groupness

A

Idea of a coherent entity (uniform, skin colour etc)

59
Q

Humanness

A

Beliefs of groups vary in degree of human essence attributed to the groups
animals — robots

60
Q

Dehumanisation

A

Beliefs that minimise the humanness of a group

  • denial of unique and typical human nature
  • viewed as robot-like
61
Q

Infrahumanisation

A

Less-than-human perception of emotions, “believe” that a group is unable to feel more complex emotions (secondary emotions)
- viewed as animals

62
Q

Stereotype Content Model

A
  1. Are the others’ goals aligned with mine? — yes = warm

2. What are the others’ capability in outshining those goals? — competence

63
Q

Cognitive Process in Stereotyping

A

Categorisation
Prototypicality
Group homogeneity

64
Q

Categorisation

A

Can be objective or subjective
In-group vs out-group
Sense of belonging

65
Q

Prototypicality

A

Members of a category are seen to possess prototypical characteristics of the group — the average look of the group

66
Q

Group homogeneity

A

Consequence of categorisation

Group members are perceived as more similar, disregard uniqueness of each individual

67
Q

Prejudice

A

Negative feelings toward members of a group based solely on group membership
Affective component
Influenced by stereotypes

68
Q

Dual Process Model of Stereotyping

A

Automatic: activated by situational cues
- situation primes stereotypes
Controlled: apply stereotypes in behaviours and judgements
- what do you do with the thought, do you act on it?

69
Q

Saying-is-believing

A

Communicators end up remembering and believing what they said rather than what they originally learned

70
Q

Congruent

A

Both automatic and controlled processes lead to the same response

71
Q

Incongruent

A

Both automatic and controlled processes lead to a different response

72
Q

Shared reality

A

Serves to establish the reliability and validity of representations, have a common understanding

73
Q

Conditions that facilitate construction of shared reality

A
  1. Uncertainty

2. Ambivalence

74
Q

Function of shared reality

A
  1. Epistemic function

2. Social function

75
Q

Epistemic

A

Want to know that the world is consistent, stable and predictable

76
Q

Social Tuning

A

Adjustment of our attitudes and behaviours to others to achieve social consensus

social cognition (1 decks)

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