Social class, gender and ethnicity in Education Flashcards
What is the social class acronym?
Black and White working-class Boys hate school
What does Bernstein(1971)?
Bernstein- Elaborated and restricted codes Middle class familiarity with elaborated code gives them better chance in education Restricted Code- Slang between friends and family, ungrammatical, limited explanation, fine for everyday usage. Used primarily by working class and sued by every other class Elaborated code- Used in formal context- used by teachers, interviews etc, wider vocabulary, used by middle-class
What are the criticisms of Bernstein?
- Rosen accuse Bernstein of creating myth of superiority of middle-class speech
- Labov makes point that based on research done in Harlem, New York- working class language can more effective in making points, where middle class speakers can be less clear and to the point
What d Waldfogel and Washbrook (2010) say?
waldfogel and Washbrook say that children from low income families are more likely to have a home that is dark unclean or unsafe
Poorer diets and higher levels of sickness can cause tiredness at school, cause absences and falling behind
What are external and Internal factors of educational achievement?
External factors are outside of school e.g material and cultural factors
Internal factors are within school e.g lessons and student progress
What is cultural derprivation?
The idea that people fail in education because of supposed cultural deficiencies- inadequate socialisation, failings, lack of pre-school learning
What do Hyman and Sugarman say?
Middle class Jobs- Career progression through effort and educational qualifications lead to future orientation (Planning for future) and deferred gratification (putting of todays pleasures for future gains).
- Children socialized into values which encourage ambition and education success.
- Individual effort is seen as key to success
Working class jobs- Qualification are not important. Lack of promotion opportunities lead to present-time orientation( Lack of emphasis on long-term goals and immediate gratification)
- Fatalism- Acceptance of situation rather trying to improve
- Collectivism- Giving group priority rather than individual.
- leaving school getting money straight away more important than qualifications.
- Loyalty to group(collectivism), discourages individual effort
What did Bordieu speak about?
- Marxist education justifies class inequalities and reproduces the class system
- Each class has own Habitus (Cultural framework)
- Middle class advantage of cultural capital, also more access culture of dominant class
- Lower class don’t posses cultural capital so educational underachievement is inevitable
Middle class access social capital( Social networks support people have)
What are the criticisms of cultural Explanations?
Reay(2009)- Cultural explanations involve a 'blame the victim' approach which places emphasis on home and family. Also working class culture is presented as deficient, they lack language skills.
What is Compensatory education?
What is Positive Discrimination?
Compensatory Education- aims to tackle cultural deprivation by providing extra funds and resources to schools and communities in deprived areas.
Positive discrimination- Giving disadvantaged groups more favourable treatment because of inequalities they face
Compensatory Education
What were Education action action Zones?
Education acts zones set up in 1997. These programmes directed resources t low-income, inner city areas in an attempt to raise educational attainment.
Sure Start- Main policies New Labour introduced to tackle poverty and social exclusion.
- Aim to work with parents to promote physical, intellectual and social development of babies and young children.
- Aim to create high quality learning environments to help children’s learning
- Idea to intervene early and break cycle of disadvantage
Also Ofsted
Why do females do better than males?
List 4 facts
- Girls do better at every stage in English, science and language and literacy
- Girls more successful in most GCSEs
- More girls stay in education
- More girls get 1st class degrees
What is the Gender acronym?
Men and women should be friends
What did Sue Sharpe say?
- 1975 The sex Discrimination Act illegal employers discriminate gender
- Helps explain differences in Sharp’s findings in 1976 and those in 1994
- Interviews show girls attitudes change in work and marriage and priorities change in education
- In ‘Just Like a Girl’ 1976 ‘love, marriage, husbands and career’ whereas in 1996 switched to ‘job, career and being able to support themselves’ making girls:
- More confident
- More assertive
- More ambitious
Why do Boys Underachieve?
What does Forde et al (2006) say?
What did Willis say?
- lower expectations
- Boys are more disruptive
- Masculinity and anti-learning sub-culture
Forde et al- peer pressure encourages boys to adopt dominant masculine identity and reject academic work as feminine. Working class boys get ‘street cred’ and group status by not doing work.
Willis- Lads- value system was opposed to that of school