Social class and achievement in education Flashcards
What are the two types of deprivation?
Material and capital.
What speech codes did Bernstein distinguish?
The restricted code, typically used by the working class, and the elaborated code, typically used by the middle class.
Barry Sugarman argues that working-class subculture has four key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement, what are these?
Fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present-time orientation.
Who noted that young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals?
Marilyn Howard.
How can poor housing affect pupil’s achievement?
Overcrowding can have a direct effect by making it harder for the child to study, this is because there would be less room for educational activities, e.g. they may not have a desk.
How does David Bull refer to a lack of financial support meaning that children from poor families have to do without equipment and miss out on educational experiences?
‘The costs of free schooling’.
What did Howard Becker focus his study on?
Labelling in high schools.
What did Howard Becker find?
Teachers judged pupils according to how closely the fitted an image of the ‘ideal pupil’. The teachers saw children from middle-class backgrounds as the closest to the ideal.
What is a prediction that comes true simply by virtue of it having been made?
A self-fulfilling prophecy.
What’s a pupil subculture?
A group of pupils who share similar values and behavior patterns. These often emerge as a response to labelling.
What is the process of teachers categorising pupils according to how they perceive their ability called?
Differentiation.
