Social change Flashcards
What enlightenment principle was retained ?
- Meritocracy
When did Napoleon crown himself Emperor ?
- 2nd December 1804
What was the Legion d’Honneur and when was it established ?
- The legion d’Honneur was an award given for loyalty (largely military
- 32,000 awards made until 1814 yet only 1,500 went to civilians
- 5% went to civilians
- Est 1802
What were the Knights of the Empire ?
- Title which was made hereditary after three generations of recipients
- Est 1808
When and what titles did Napoleon give his family ?
- Brothers in 1804 and 1806
- 1807 : His sister, adopted son and uncle
What was the imperial nobility and when was it established ?
- 1808
- Creation of a new nobility class (ministers, senators, high ranking officials and some generals)
What percentage of titles went to military men and what were the rest given for ?
- 59%
- The rest were given for loyal service to the regime
How many of those ennobled by Napoleon were from the Ancien Regime nobility ?
- 22.5%
How was the new nobility different from the one from under the regime ?
- only a seventh of the size of the one from 1789
- Primarily linked to service
What are the areas of social and religious change ?
- Class distinctions and titles
- Education and women
- censorship and propaganda
- Position of the church
What was established in May 1802 ? (education)
- State primary schools (ecole populaire) in each commune
- Lycees to provide secondary education for boys 10-16 (eventually 45 of these) + open scholarship exam
What was the purpose of lycees ?
- Empire’s future military and civilian personnel
- run with military discipline
- Appealed to the military elite (1/3) went to the sons of soldiers and civil servants)
What was established in March 1808 and what was it responsible for ? (Education)
- The imperial University
- Acted as a supervisory institution which ensured all education conformed to certain standards (helped ensure meritocracy)
- Teacher training, setting up new schools, the curriculum, standardisation and annual reports to Napoleon
What was Napoleon’s attitude towards women ?
- They were destined for marriage, the purpose of marriage was for acquiring and transmitting property and conceiving and raising children
- Limited interest in female education
What did the civil code of 1804 grant women ?
- Women were granted more control over their own property when they married
- HOWEVER : Divorce law remained unfair and married women were unable to accept inheritance without their husband’s authority
How did Napoleon enhance women’s right to divorce ?
- Allowed divorce by mutual consent which was a major step forward
When were Parisian newspapers reduced and to how many ?
- Jan 1800 : 73 were reduced to 13 and by the end of the year there were 9
- 1801 only 4 were allowed to publish
What were all newspapers subject to ?
- All newspapers were subject to police supervision
- 1809 censors were appointed to each paper and no paper could discuss controversial subjects
What was allowed to be published ?
- Official news (issued by Napoleon’s ministers) and military bulletins (written by Napoleon himself)
What did a decree in 1808 result in ?
- Reduction of publishing houses from 200 to 60 (remaining 60 had to obtain licences from the police)
- Publishing houses reduced by 30%
What was set up in January 1810 ?
- A new censorship board to approve/reject books for publication
What was Napoleon’s propaganda ?
- Elements of self-glorification
- ‘The myth of the saviour’ - wanted to be portrayed as the man who brought order out of chaos
- Depicted like an emperor of classic times eg with the imperial eagle
How did Napoleon restore the position of the church in France ?
- Dec 1799 : decreed that churches could be open any day of the week and in 1800 declared that Sunday was the day of rest
How did Napoleon reconcile with the Pope ?
- The concordat of 15th July 1801 with the catholic church : Pope was recognised as the head of the catholic church, ‘religion of the majority and oath of loyalty was retained
What were the organic articles and when were they published ?
- April 1802
- Stated approval had to be given before any papal legate entered France or any papal document was published there
- ALSO guaranteed religious toleration to 700,00 Protestants and 40,000 Jews living in France
How ddi relations with the pope decline and what did it result in ?
- Humiliated at Napoleon’s coronation + 1808 French troops occupied Rome and in 1809 Napoleon imprisoned the pope and annexed the papal states to Italy
What was the Concordat of Fontainebleau ?
- 1813
- Concordat which was favourable for Napoleon but was never put in to place
- Proposed the Pope should reside in Paris
