Social behavior general Key Terms Flashcards
attributional style
an individual predisposition to make a certain type of causal attribution for behavior
self- serving bias
attributional distortions that protect or enhance self-esteem or self-concept
social comparison theory
comparing our behaviors and opinions with those of others in order to establish the correct or socially approved way of thinking and behaving
accentuation principle
categorization accentuates perceived similarities/ differences within groups on dimensions that people believe are correlated with the categorization. Effect is amplified when there is subjective importance
paired distinctiveness
illusory correlation in which items are seen as belonging together, because of a shared unusual feature
normative models
ideal processes for making accurate social inferences
social representations
explanations of unfamiliar and complex phenomena that transform them into a familiar and simple form
implicit personality theories
idiosyncratic and personal ways of characterizing other people and explaining their behavior
personal constructs
idiosyncratic and personal ways of characterizing other people
discounting
when there is no consistent relationship between a cause and behavior, that cause is discounted in favor of another cause
behavioral decision theory
normative models (ideal processes) for making accurate social inferences
causal schemata
experience-based beliefs about how certain types of causes interact to produce an effect
social identity theory
group membership and intergroup relations based on self-categorization, social comparison and construction of shared self-definition in terms of ingroup- defining properties
associative meaning
illusory correlation in which items are seen as belonging together because the ought to, on the basis of prior expectations
affect-infusion model
cognition is infused with affect such that social judgments reflect current mood
availability heuristic
a cognitive short cut in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is based on how quickly instances or associations come to mind
self categorization theory
process of categorizing oneself as a group member produces social identity and group/intergroup behavior
outcome bias
belief that outcomes of a behavior were intended by the person who chose the behavior
social learning theory
view that human social behavior is not innate but learnt from appropriate models (bandura)
sexual selection theory
sex differences in behavior are determined by evolutionary history rather than society
sociocultural theory (social role theory)
psychological gender differences are determined by individuals adaptations to restrictions based on their gender in their society
theory of reasoned action
relationship between attitudes & behavior:
specific attitude->(predicts)->intention to act->(predicts)->actual behavior
fishbein&ajzen
self-affirmation theory
people reduce the impact of threat to their self-concept by focusing on & affirming their competence in some other areas
attitude formation
attitude formation is determined by:
- own experiences
- influences from others
- our emotional reaction
selective exposure hypothesis
people tend to avoid potentially dissonant information
referent informational influence
pressure to conform to a group norm that defines oneself as a group member
empathy costs/personal costs of not helping
not helping causes distresses to the bystander due to empathizing / personal costs (experiencing blame)
self-verification
looking for information that verifies your prior knowledge about yourself
attachment behavior
tendency of an infant to maintain close-contact with the caregiver
self regulation/ partner regulation
strategy that we use to match our behavior to an ideal or ought standard / strategy that encourages a partner to match an ideal standard of behavior
neo-associationist analysis
a view of aggression aggression according to mass media may provide images of violence to an audience that later translate in antisocial acts
referent informational influence
pressure to conform to a group norm that defines oneself as a group member
asch’s configural model
impression formation: central traits have an inproportionately high affect than peripheral traits
self-evaluation maintenance model
people are constrained to make esteem-damaging upward comparisons, or withdraw their relationship with the target
behaviorism
explaining observable behavior in terms of reinforcement schedules
comparison level
a standard, changes over time, against which we judge all of our relationships and new relationships to see whether it is profitable or not
dual-process dependency model
dependency on others for 1) social approval 2) information about reality
bystander calculus model
the bystander evaluates the perceived costs & benefits of helping or not helping in an emergency
bystander intervention
occurs when an individual break out of the role as a bystander and helps
reinforcement-affect model
we like people who are around when we experience a positive feeling (reinforcement)
conforming vs compliance
enduring vs. short term change in behavior
three-factor theory of love
cultural determinant, presence of someone to love, emotional, emotional arousal that you label love (hatfield&walster)
minimal group paradigm
experimental methodology to investigate the effect social categorization alone on behavior, favoring ingroup just because of its ingroup
self enhancement
the motivation to develop and promote a favorable image of self
informational influence vs. referent informational influence
influence to accept information from another evidence about reality vs. pressure to conform to a group norm that defines oneself as a group member
ethology
animal behavior should be studied in the species’ natural physical and social environment and behavior is genetically determined and is controlled by natural selection
self-monitoring
carefully controlling how we present ourselves
personal constructs
idiosyncratic and personal ways of characterizing other people and their behavior
affect-infusion model
cognition is infused with affect such that social judgments reflect current mood
social creativity
group-based behavioral strategies that improve social identity without directly attacking the dominant groups
cognitive alternatives
belief that the status quo is unstable and illegitimate and social competition with the dominant group is the appropriate strategy
looking-glass self
seeing yourself from what you think others see you
relationship dissolution model
four phases that a relationship passes through (phases of a break-up)
theory of correspondent inference
causal attribution of behavior to underlying disposition
emotion in relationships model
close relationships provide a context that elicits strong emotions due to increased probability of behavior interrupting interpersonal expectations
acquiescent response set
tendency to agree with items in an attitude questionnaire
intergroup differentiation
behaving differently from outgroups to show difference
assortative mating
non-random coupling based on similarity of one or more characteristics
normative influence
an influence to conform to the positive expectation of others to gain social approval or to avoid social disapproval
status characteristics theory / expectation states theory
theory of influence in groups that attributes greater influence to those who possess task relevant (specific status) characteristics and high status group in society ( diffuse status) characteristics.
meta-contrast principle
the prototype of a group is that position within the group that has the largest ratio of differences to ingroup positions to differences to outgroup positions
subjective group dynamics
the process where normative deviants who deviate towards an outgroup are more harshly treated than those who deviate away from the outgroup
relational model of authority in groups
effectiveness of authority rests on fairness and justice based relations between leader and followers:
distributive justice
procedural justice
social decisions schemes
decision making rules according to:
intellective or judgmental task (no correct answer present)
distribution of power (effects decision-making rules=
unanimity, majority, two-thirds majority, first shift, truth wins
social identity theory of leadership
development of social identity to explain leadership as an identity process whereby in salient groups prototypical leaders are more effective
group value model
procedural justice makes member feel valued and enhances commitment
group socialization
dynamic relationship of group membership:
prospective member-> new member-> full member-> marginal member-> ex-member
multifactor leadership questionnaire
most popular scale for measuring transactional/ transformational leadership
leader behavior description questionnaire
scale to measure leadership behavior of initiating structure (task-oriented) or consideration (relationship-oriented) dimensions
normative decision theory
effectiveness of ingroup decision making contexts:
autocratic
consultative
group decision-making
persuasive arguments theory
people in groups are persuaded by novel information that supports their initial position and thus become more extreme in their views
path-goal theory
focuses on structure (task-oriented) or consideration (relationship-oriented) dimensions
leader-member exchange theory
theory of leadership in which effective leadership rests on the ability of the leader to develop good quality personalized exchange relationships with members
big five
OCEAN (acronym) Openness to experience/ intelligence Conscientiousness Extravertedness Agreeableness Neuroticism (emotion control)
descriptive norms
“is” norms which are behavioral regularities
injunctive norms
“ought” norms which convey approval or disapproval of the behavior
pluralistic ignorance
people sometimes behave publicly in ways that do not
reflect what they actually think, they can be ignorant of what everyone really thinks
personal constructs vs. implicit personality
personal preference of characterizing people vs which certain characteristics go together to form certain types of personality
changing schemas
Bookkeeping, Conversion, Subtyping
Availability heuristic
perceived frequency or likelihood of an event is based on how quickly instances or associations come to mind
sources of power
Reward power, Coercive power, Informational power, Expert power, Legitimate power, Referent power
The Yale approach to communication and persuasion
Message factor, Source factor, Audience factor CHECK TABLE
membership group
a group to which we belong by some objective external criterion
reference group
group that is psychologically significant for our behavior and attitudes
