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social behavior > Social behavior general Key Terms > Flashcards

Social behavior general Key Terms Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

attributional style

A

an individual predisposition to make a certain type of causal attribution for behavior

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2
Q

self- serving bias

A

attributional distortions that protect or enhance self-esteem or self-concept

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3
Q

social comparison theory

A

comparing our behaviors and opinions with those of others in order to establish the correct or socially approved way of thinking and behaving

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4
Q

accentuation principle

A

categorization accentuates perceived similarities/ differences within groups on dimensions that people believe are correlated with the categorization. Effect is amplified when there is subjective importance

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5
Q

paired distinctiveness

A

illusory correlation in which items are seen as belonging together, because of a shared unusual feature

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6
Q

normative models

A

ideal processes for making accurate social inferences

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7
Q

social representations

A

explanations of unfamiliar and complex phenomena that transform them into a familiar and simple form

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8
Q

implicit personality theories

A

idiosyncratic and personal ways of characterizing other people and explaining their behavior

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9
Q

personal constructs

A

idiosyncratic and personal ways of characterizing other people

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10
Q

discounting

A

when there is no consistent relationship between a cause and behavior, that cause is discounted in favor of another cause

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11
Q

behavioral decision theory

A

normative models (ideal processes) for making accurate social inferences

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12
Q

causal schemata

A

experience-based beliefs about how certain types of causes interact to produce an effect

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13
Q

social identity theory

A

group membership and intergroup relations based on self-categorization, social comparison and construction of shared self-definition in terms of ingroup- defining properties

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14
Q

associative meaning

A

illusory correlation in which items are seen as belonging together because the ought to, on the basis of prior expectations

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15
Q

affect-infusion model

A

cognition is infused with affect such that social judgments reflect current mood

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16
Q

availability heuristic

A

a cognitive short cut in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is based on how quickly instances or associations come to mind

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17
Q

self categorization theory

A

process of categorizing oneself as a group member produces social identity and group/intergroup behavior

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18
Q

outcome bias

A

belief that outcomes of a behavior were intended by the person who chose the behavior

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19
Q

social learning theory

A

view that human social behavior is not innate but learnt from appropriate models (bandura)

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20
Q

sexual selection theory

A

sex differences in behavior are determined by evolutionary history rather than society

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21
Q

sociocultural theory (social role theory)

A

psychological gender differences are determined by individuals adaptations to restrictions based on their gender in their society

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22
Q

theory of reasoned action

A

relationship between attitudes & behavior:
specific attitude->(predicts)->intention to act->(predicts)->actual behavior
fishbein&ajzen

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23
Q

self-affirmation theory

A

people reduce the impact of threat to their self-concept by focusing on & affirming their competence in some other areas

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24
Q

attitude formation

A

attitude formation is determined by:

  • own experiences
  • influences from others
  • our emotional reaction
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25
Q

selective exposure hypothesis

A

people tend to avoid potentially dissonant information

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26
Q

referent informational influence

A

pressure to conform to a group norm that defines oneself as a group member

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27
Q

empathy costs/personal costs of not helping

A

not helping causes distresses to the bystander due to empathizing / personal costs (experiencing blame)

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28
Q

self-verification

A

looking for information that verifies your prior knowledge about yourself

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29
Q

attachment behavior

A

tendency of an infant to maintain close-contact with the caregiver

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30
Q

self regulation/ partner regulation

A

strategy that we use to match our behavior to an ideal or ought standard / strategy that encourages a partner to match an ideal standard of behavior

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31
Q

neo-associationist analysis

A

a view of aggression aggression according to mass media may provide images of violence to an audience that later translate in antisocial acts

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32
Q

referent informational influence

A

pressure to conform to a group norm that defines oneself as a group member

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33
Q

asch’s configural model

A

impression formation: central traits have an inproportionately high affect than peripheral traits

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34
Q

self-evaluation maintenance model

A

people are constrained to make esteem-damaging upward comparisons, or withdraw their relationship with the target

35
Q

behaviorism

A

explaining observable behavior in terms of reinforcement schedules

36
Q

comparison level

A

a standard, changes over time, against which we judge all of our relationships and new relationships to see whether it is profitable or not

37
Q

dual-process dependency model

A

dependency on others for 1) social approval 2) information about reality

38
Q

bystander calculus model

A

the bystander evaluates the perceived costs & benefits of helping or not helping in an emergency

39
Q

bystander intervention

A

occurs when an individual break out of the role as a bystander and helps

40
Q

reinforcement-affect model

A

we like people who are around when we experience a positive feeling (reinforcement)

41
Q

conforming vs compliance

A

enduring vs. short term change in behavior

42
Q

three-factor theory of love

A

cultural determinant, presence of someone to love, emotional, emotional arousal that you label love (hatfield&walster)

43
Q

minimal group paradigm

A

experimental methodology to investigate the effect social categorization alone on behavior, favoring ingroup just because of its ingroup

44
Q

self enhancement

A

the motivation to develop and promote a favorable image of self

45
Q

informational influence vs. referent informational influence

A

influence to accept information from another evidence about reality vs. pressure to conform to a group norm that defines oneself as a group member

46
Q

ethology

A

animal behavior should be studied in the species’ natural physical and social environment and behavior is genetically determined and is controlled by natural selection

47
Q

self-monitoring

A

carefully controlling how we present ourselves

48
Q

personal constructs

A

idiosyncratic and personal ways of characterizing other people and their behavior

49
Q

affect-infusion model

A

cognition is infused with affect such that social judgments reflect current mood

50
Q

social creativity

A

group-based behavioral strategies that improve social identity without directly attacking the dominant groups

51
Q

cognitive alternatives

A

belief that the status quo is unstable and illegitimate and social competition with the dominant group is the appropriate strategy

52
Q

looking-glass self

A

seeing yourself from what you think others see you

53
Q

relationship dissolution model

A

four phases that a relationship passes through (phases of a break-up)

54
Q

theory of correspondent inference

A

causal attribution of behavior to underlying disposition

55
Q

emotion in relationships model

A

close relationships provide a context that elicits strong emotions due to increased probability of behavior interrupting interpersonal expectations

56
Q

acquiescent response set

A

tendency to agree with items in an attitude questionnaire

57
Q

intergroup differentiation

A

behaving differently from outgroups to show difference

58
Q

assortative mating

A

non-random coupling based on similarity of one or more characteristics

59
Q

normative influence

A

an influence to conform to the positive expectation of others to gain social approval or to avoid social disapproval

60
Q

status characteristics theory / expectation states theory

A

theory of influence in groups that attributes greater influence to those who possess task relevant (specific status) characteristics and high status group in society ( diffuse status) characteristics.

61
Q

meta-contrast principle

A

the prototype of a group is that position within the group that has the largest ratio of differences to ingroup positions to differences to outgroup positions

62
Q

subjective group dynamics

A

the process where normative deviants who deviate towards an outgroup are more harshly treated than those who deviate away from the outgroup

63
Q

relational model of authority in groups

A

effectiveness of authority rests on fairness and justice based relations between leader and followers:
distributive justice
procedural justice

64
Q

social decisions schemes

A

decision making rules according to:
intellective or judgmental task (no correct answer present)
distribution of power (effects decision-making rules=
unanimity, majority, two-thirds majority, first shift, truth wins

65
Q

social identity theory of leadership

A

development of social identity to explain leadership as an identity process whereby in salient groups prototypical leaders are more effective

66
Q

group value model

A

procedural justice makes member feel valued and enhances commitment

67
Q

group socialization

A

dynamic relationship of group membership:

prospective member-> new member-> full member-> marginal member-> ex-member

68
Q

multifactor leadership questionnaire

A

most popular scale for measuring transactional/ transformational leadership

69
Q

leader behavior description questionnaire

A

scale to measure leadership behavior of initiating structure (task-oriented) or consideration (relationship-oriented) dimensions

70
Q

normative decision theory

A

effectiveness of ingroup decision making contexts:
autocratic
consultative
group decision-making

71
Q

persuasive arguments theory

A

people in groups are persuaded by novel information that supports their initial position and thus become more extreme in their views

72
Q

path-goal theory

A

focuses on structure (task-oriented) or consideration (relationship-oriented) dimensions

73
Q

leader-member exchange theory

A

theory of leadership in which effective leadership rests on the ability of the leader to develop good quality personalized exchange relationships with members

74
Q

big five

A 
OCEAN (acronym)
Openness to experience/ intelligence
Conscientiousness
Extravertedness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (emotion control)
75
Q

descriptive norms

A

“is” norms which are behavioral regularities

76
Q

injunctive norms

A

“ought” norms which convey approval or disapproval of the behavior

77
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

people sometimes behave publicly in ways that do not

reflect what they actually think, they can be ignorant of what everyone really thinks

78
Q

personal constructs vs. implicit personality

A

personal preference of characterizing people vs which certain characteristics go together to form certain types of personality

79
Q

changing schemas

A

Bookkeeping, Conversion, Subtyping

80
Q

Availability heuristic

A

perceived frequency or likelihood of an event is based on how quickly instances or associations come to mind

81
Q

sources of power

A

Reward power, Coercive power, Informational power, Expert power, Legitimate power, Referent power

82
Q

The Yale approach to communication and persuasion

A

Message factor, Source factor, Audience factor CHECK TABLE

83
Q

membership group

A

a group to which we belong by some objective external criterion

84
Q

reference group

A

group that is psychologically significant for our behavior and attitudes

social behavior (1 decks)

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