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Psychololgy A Level- Core Studies OCR > Social Area > Flashcards

Social Area Flashcards

1
Q

What does the social area focus on?

A
  • The environment and how specific social cues and people within the environment can influence a person’s behaviour
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2
Q

What are the principles of the social area?

A
  • How social context impacts how people behave
  • Human behaviour us influenced by the situation as well as individual characteristics
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3
Q

Strengths of the social area:

A
  • Real life relevance- useful, practical applications in a range of settings
  • Brings psychology to a wider audience
  • Ecologically valid, reliable, standardised
  • Improves understanding of human behaviour
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4
Q

Weaknesses of the social area:

A
  • Research can be socially sensitive
  • Deterministic
  • Society is always changing, results may not be valid over time
  • Cultures differ in different places, results might not apply to everywhere
  • Areas can be hard to distinguish
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5
Q

What is conformity?

A

Yielding to group pressure

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6
Q

What is obedience?

A

Complying with demands of an authority figure

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7
Q

What is the background of Milgram’s study?

A
  • Jewish
  • 25 years after the end of WW2
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8
Q

Who were the 3 people involved in Milgram’s study?

A
  • The experimenter
  • The learner
  • The teacher
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9
Q

Who was the experimenter in Milgram’s study?

A
  • 31 year old biology teacher
  • Played legitimate authority figure
  • Emotionless
  • Stern
  • Wore a lab coat
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10
Q

Who was the learner in Milgram’s experiment?

A
  • Stooge (aware of study, was acting)
  • 47 year old accountant
  • Mr Wallace
  • Irish-American
  • Mild mannered and likeable
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11
Q

How were participants gathered in Milgram’s study?

A
  • Volunteer sample
  • Newspaper advert
  • $4.50 paid
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12
Q

What did Milgram tell participants the study was about?

A

Memory and learning, end the effects of punishment on learning

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13
Q

What was the sample used in Milgram’s study?

A
  • 40 males
  • 20-50 years old
  • Variety of jobs
  • All from New Haven
  • Volunteers
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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The participant had an equal chance of being the teacher or the learner in Milgram’s study.

A

FALSE
Participants drew paper from a hat, both papers said teacher, then Mr Wallace pretended his said learner so participant would always be teacher

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15
Q

What voltage was the sample shock given to the teacher in Milgram’s experiment?

A

45v

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Mr Wallace said he was worried how the shocks would affect him as he had previously been struck by lightening in Milgram’s study.

A

FALSE:
Mr Wallace claimed to have a heart condition, and asked if this would be affected by the shocks

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17
Q

What did the experimenter tell participants of Milgram’s study if they asked about the shocks?

A

“Although the shocks may be painful, there is no permanent tissue damage”

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18
Q

How many volts did each shock in Milgram’s study increase by?

A

15v

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19
Q

Which prods did the experimenter in Milgram’s study use if the teacher hesitated?

A
  • “Please continue
  • “You have no other choice, you must go on”
  • “Whether the learner likes it or not, you must go on until he has learned all the word pairs correctly”
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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
100% of participants went up to 300v in Milgram’s experiment.

A

TRUE

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21
Q

What percentage of participants in Milgram’s study went up to the full 450v?

A

65% (26 participants)

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22
Q

How did participants of Milgram’s study react?

A
  • 14 nervous laughter
  • 3 seizures
  • Sighs of relief, mopping brow etc.
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23
Q

What factors in Milgram’s study may have had an impact on obedience?

A
  • Yale university is prestigious
  • Volunteers
  • Obligation
  • Payment
  • Gradual commitment
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24
Q

What is a whistle blower?

A

Someone who exposes a person or organisation engaging in unlawful or immoral activity

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25
Q

What is social power?

A

The influence an individual has to change someone else’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviours

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26
Q

What was the background of Bocchiaro’s study?

A

Expanding of previous research such as that of Milgram, wanted to understand who disobeys and whistleblows and why

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27
Q

What was the aim of Bocchiaro’s study?

A

To see how many people will comply with an unethical request and how many will whistle blow to a higher authority

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28
Q

Who made up the experimental group in Bocchiaro’s study?

A
  • Volunteers
  • 149 undergraduate students
  • 96 women and 53 men
  • Paid either 7 euros or course credit
  • 11 were removed for suspicion
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29
Q

Who made up the comparison group in Bocchiaro’s study?

A
  • 138 students surveyed at VU university about how they would react
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30
Q

How many pilot studies did Bocchiaro’s carry out?

A

8 pilot studies, involving 92 students to make sure the procedure would work

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31
Q

What was the cover story used in Bocchiaro’s study?

A
  • Said they wanted to recreate a study on sensory deprivation
  • Said that the study before had disastrous effects
  • 6 participants in Rome, spent time completely isolated, no hearing or sight
  • All panicked, hallucinated, cognitive abilities impaired
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32
Q

How was the experimenter in Bocchiaro’s study described?

A

Male, Dutch experimenter, formally dressed, stern demeanour

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33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Students were asked to name other students before the experiment began

A

TRUE:
The students named were who the participants were told to convince to take part in the study

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34
Q

What specific adjectives were the participants told to use in Bocchiaro’s study?

A

Incredible, great, and superb

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35
Q

How long were Bocchiaro’s participants given to reflect on their decision?

A

3 minutes

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36
Q

How long were Bocchiaro’s participants given to either obey, disobey, or whistleblow?

A

7 minutes

37
Q

Approximately how long did Bocchiaro’s study last?

A

40 minutes

38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Participants in Bocchiaro’s study were asked to fill out 2 personality tests.

A

TRUE:
Participants completed the Dutch version of the hEXACO-PI-R and the Decomposed Games measure

39
Q

How many participants obeyed in Bocchiaro’s study?

A

76.5% (114 participants)

40
Q

How many participants disobeyed in Bocchiaro’s study?

A

14.1% (21 participants)

41
Q

How many participants in Bocchiaro’s study whistleblew?

A

9.4% (14 participants)
6% anonymously (9 participants)
3.4% openly (5 participants)

42
Q

Did Bocchiaro find any significant difference within the scores of the personality test, or through which religious group a person belonged to?

A

No, but he did find a significant different within having belief in a higher being in general

43
Q

How many participants in Bocchiaro’s comparison group said they or other students would obey?

A

3.6% said they’d obey, 18.8% said others would obey

44
Q

How many participants in Bocchiaro’s comparison group said they or others would disobey?

A

31.9% said they would disobey, 43.9% said others would disobey

45
Q

How many participants in Bocchiaro’s study said they or others would whistleblower?

A

64.5% would whistle blow, 37.3% said others would whistleblow

46
Q

What conclusions did Bocchiaro come to after conducting his study?

A
  • People are very obedient and whistleblowing is uncommon
  • People overestimate the likelihood of whistleblowing
  • We see ourselves as ‘special’ and less likely to follow desructive orders than others
  • Inaccuracy of estimates of behaviour is useful
47
Q

What year did Pilliavin’s study take place?

A

1969

48
Q

What year did Bocchiaro’s study take place?

A

2012

49
Q

What year did Milgram’s study take place?

A

1963

50
Q

What is the background of Pilliavin’s study?

A
  • Based on the murder of Kitty Genovese
  • She was stabbed to death witnessed by 38 people who did nothing
  • Killer attacked her 3 times
51
Q

What is a bystander?

A

Anyone present at the time of an incident but not directly involved

52
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

The behaviour of bystanders who don’t assist those who need help in an emergency

53
Q

What is the diffusion of responsibility?

A

People do not bare the full burden of responsibility if they know others are present

54
Q

What was the aim of Pilliavin’s study?

A
  • Wanted to build on early studies of bystander behaviour
  • Study bystander behaviour in a realistic setting
  • See if bystander behaviour was impacted by victim responsibility, race, modelling behaviour, and group size
55
Q

What experimental method did Pilliavin use?

A

Field experiment

56
Q

Describe the sample used in Pilliavin’s study:

A
  • Estimated 4550 passengers
  • Regarded as unsolicited participants
  • Average of 43 participants per carriage, with 8 in the critical area
  • Estimated racial mix was 45:55 black to white passengers
57
Q

How long was the train journey that Pilliavin staged the emergency on?

A

7.5 minutes, no stops

58
Q

How far into the train journey did Pilliavin’s victim collapse?

A

70 seconds

59
Q

What hours did Pilliavin’s study take place between?

A

11am-3pm

60
Q

How many trials did Pilliavin run per day?

A

6-8 trials

61
Q

How many separate teams of researchers did Pilliavin use?

A

4 separate teams

62
Q

Who made up Pilliavin’s researcher teams?

A
  • 2 female observers outside critical area to record results
  • 1 male model in critical or adjacent area
  • 1 male victim
63
Q

How is the victim in Pilliavin’s study described?

A
  • Male
  • 26-35 years
  • 3 white, 1 black
  • All dressed identically in informal clothes
64
Q

How many trials in total did Pilliavin’s team carry out?

A

103

65
Q

What 2 conditions did Pillaivin’s victim carry out?

A

Sick with a cane, or drunk

66
Q

How often was Pilliavin’s cane victim help without intervention?

A

95% of the time, 62/65 trials

67
Q

How often was Pilliavin’s drunk victim helped without intervention?

A

50% of the time, 19/38 trials

68
Q

How often did it take over 70 seconds for people to help Pilliavin’s drunk victim?

A

83% of drunk trials took over 70 seconds

69
Q

How often did it take over 70 seconds for people to help Pilliavin’s cane victim?

A

17% of trials took over 70 seconds

70
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
In the cane condition, black victims were more likely to be helped than white victims

A

FALSE:
In the cane condition, both groups were equally likely to be helped

71
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
In the drunk condition, people were more likely to help a victim that was the same race as them.

A

TRUE

72
Q

In how many trials did people move out of the critical area?

A

In 21/103 trials, a total of 34 people moved away

73
Q

How many of Pilliavin’s total victims received help with no intervention?

A

79%

74
Q

What conclusions did Pilliavin reach?

A
  • An ill person is more likely to be helped than a drunk person
  • Men are more likely to help men than women
  • People are more likely to help someone of the same race as them
  • Group size has no impact on likelihood of helping
75
Q

What is the arousal/cost reward model?

A
  • Arousal- emotional response as a result of distress of others, help to stop themselves feeling emotional
  • Cost-reward- Bystanders weigh up costs and rewards of helping
76
Q

When did Levine’s study take place?

A

2001

77
Q

What is the background of Levine’s study?

A

Wanted to build on previous research which was limited by unrepresentative studies due to being too small or limited to the USA

78
Q

What was the aim of Levine’s study?

A

To examine the tendency of people in the largest city of 23 countries to help a stranger in a non emergency situation

79
Q

How many participants did Levine use?

A
  • 1198 participants
  • Chosen for being the second to cross a line on the pavement (opportunity sample)
  • Children, elderly, and disabled were excluded
80
Q

What 3 conditions did Levine have in the study?

A
  • Dropped pen
  • Hurt leg
  • Helping a blind person cross the road
81
Q

Levine’s dropped pen measure:

A
  • Experimenters walked towards participant at 15 paces every 10 seconds
  • Dropped a pen when 10-15 feet from participant
  • 214 men and 210 women were approached
82
Q

Levine’s hurt leg measure:

A
  • Walking with heaving limp, wearing leg brace
  • Experimenter dropped and struggle to pick up a pile of magazines when 20 feet from pedestrian
  • 253 men and 240 women approached
83
Q

Levine’s blind person measure:

A
  • Experimenter wore dark glasses and held white cane
  • Stepped up to crossing and held out cane
  • Canes and training provided by Fresno Friendship training centre for the blind
  • 281 trials conducted
84
Q

What community values did Levine study?

A
  • Population size- from United Nations Demographic Yearbook
  • Economic prosperity- from Purchasing Power Parity stats from World Bank
  • Cultural Values- 6 cross culture psychologist rates each country form collectivist to individualistic
  • Pace of life- measured by average walking speed, time taken to walk 60ft
85
Q

Which city did Levine find was the most helpful

A
  • Rio De Janerio
  • 94% helping rate
86
Q

Which city did Levine find was the least helpful?

A
  • Kuala Lumpur
  • 40% helping rate
87
Q

What conclusions did Levine come to about helping in none emergency situations?

A
  • Helping in non emergency situations is universal but varies between cities
  • Large cross cultural variations in helping rates
  • Collectivism vs individualism is unrelated
  • Helping seems linked to economic productivity
88
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Levine found richer countries more likely to display helping behaviour.

A

FALSE:
Levine found poorer countries tend to have higher rates of helping

Psychololgy A Level- Core Studies OCR (6 decks)

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