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Psychology Core Studies > Social Approach > Flashcards

Social Approach Flashcards

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0
Q

What was the aim and hypothesis for Milgram

A

The aim was to see if cultural differences affect obedience

The hypothesis was that American people will be obedient to an authoritative figure similar to the Germans in WW2

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1
Q

What was the sample for Milgram

A

40 new haven men
Aged 20-50
Volunteer sample

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2
Q

What is the Milgram study based on (background)

A

The holocaust WW2

The Germans killing hundreds of Jews

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3
Q

What is the research method used in the Milgram study?

A

Controlled observation

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4
Q

What is the IV in Milgram

A

There is no IV

It is a structured observation therefore there is no IV

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5
Q

How was the DV measured in Milgram

A

How high will people go before they stop the shocks being administered

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6
Q

What are the controls in Milgram

A

At the start of the procedure:
“Although the shocks may be painful there is no permanent tissue damage”
4 prompts:
1”please continue”
2”the experiment requires you continue”
3”it is absolutely essential you continue”
4”you have no other choice, you must go on”

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7
Q

What ethical issues were broken in the Milgram study

A

Consent -> didn’t consent to the actual study
Deception -> they didn’t know the real study
Withdrawal -> 4 prods
Protection of participant -> not protected from mental harm

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8
Q

What was the quantitative and qualitative data collected by Milgram

A

Quantitative -> 60% of people went to 450 volts

Qualitative -> Milgram questioned people after the experiment

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9
Q

Name and explain two improvements

A

1) improve the ethics
2) improve the sample
- the sample is androcentric

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10
Q

What are the results for milgram

A
  • predictions ~ Milgram showed the experiment to 14 psychologists and they predicted 3% of participants would go to 450volts
  • realism ~ in the post experiment participants were given a shock to see how painful it was
  • signs of extreme tension ~ many subjects showed nervousness and extreme tension, 14 displayed nervous laughter
  • distribution of scores ~ over half the participants went to 450 volts, only 9 stopped at 300 volts
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11
Q

Give possible explanations for the results of Milgram

A

Location, in a university, provides authority
It’s for science !
Money
Mundane realism, it’s a novel situation with no norm to behav making them more likely to follow an authority figure

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12
Q

What is the conclusion that Milgram made?

A

We can infer that obedience is affected by situational factors rather than dispositional factors

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13
Q

What are the practical applications of Milgram

A

It will help us change behaviour towards an authoritative figure if someone similar to hitler returned

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14
Q

What is the background for piliavin’s study

A

Kitty Genovese being murdered and no one calling the police

30 witnesses

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15
Q

What are the four aims/hypothesis of Piliavin

A

1) participants are more likely to help a victim who is I’ll than they are to help a victim who is drunk
2) participants are more likely to help someone who is the same race
3) participants are more likely to help when a model intervenes
4) the larger the group the longer it will take for the victim to receive help

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16
Q

What is the research method used in piliavin

A

Field experiment

17
Q

What was the sample for piliavin

A

4500 men and women
We’re travelling on the subway in New York on weekdays between 11am and 3pm
Over a two month period
Average of 43 people in a carriage

18
Q

What sampling technique was used for piliavin

A

Opportunity sample

19
Q

What are the 4 IVs for piliavin

A

Type of victim -> drunk/I’ll
Race of victim
Impact of model -> 70secs/150secs/no model
Group size

20
Q

What were the 6 DVs for piliavin

A 
Frequency of help
Speed of help
Race of helper 
Sex of helper 
Movement out of area 
Verbal comments
21
Q

What were the controls of the study

A 
4 teams of 4 researchers 
2 women -> data collection 
2 men-> 1victim and 1 model 
Model interventions standardised
Victims
22
Q

How were the victims controlled in piliavin

A

3 white and 1 black (26-35)
Dressed and acted identically
Collapsed after 70 seconds
Remained on the floor until help came (model)

23
Q

Briefly explain the procedure for piliavin

A

The 2 observers too seats in the critical area
The victim and model stayed standing
After approximately 70seconds the victim staggered forward and collapsed (remained on his back until help came)

24
Q

How was the victim presented in piliavin

A

Drunk -> he victim smelled of alcohol and carried a bottle with him (in a paper bag)
Ill/cane -> the victim appeared sober and had a black cane

25
Q

What were the results for the I’ll or drunk scenario in piliavin

A 
Ill-> spontaneous help 95% of the time 
Drunk-> spontaneous help 50% 
~ before model stepped in 
Ill-> 87% were helped (5seconds) 
Drunk->17%were helped (109seconds)
26
Q

What were the results for the same race scenario in piliavin

A

Black victims received less help less quickly especially if they were drunk

27
Q

What were the results for the model intervention (before&after) scenario in piliavin

A

Before a model intervened (70seconds) 87% of people helped the ill victim and 17%helped the drunk
After the model intervened 13%helped the ill and 83% helped the drunk

28
Q

What were the results for the group size scenario in piliavin

A

The more passengers who were immediate vicinity of the victim the more likely help was given
This goes against the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis)

29
Q

What are the possible explanations of piliavins results

A

~the situation created psychological arousal
~the bystander may think the victim deserves it or someone else will help-diffusion of responsibility/no one else is helping so there isn’t a real emergency-pluralistic ignorance
~the cost and reward matrix

30
Q

What conclusion can we draw from piliavins results

A

Look in folder

31
Q

What practical applications does piliavins study offer

A

~It could help in large scale disaster planning
~teaching within schools
~making us aware of our own prejudices

32
Q

Is piliavin high or low in ecological validity

A

HIGH
It is carried out in a real life situation (field experiment)
Passengers were unaware of the study

33
Q

What quantitative and qualitative data was collected in piliavins study

A

QUANTITATIVE ~ number and type of passengers who helped

QUALITATIVE ~ passengers thoughts and feelings

34
Q

Name and explain to possible changes to the piliavin study

A

Have different victims for example females pregnant lame drunk old young
The passenger could take part in a questionnaire after they get off of the train ~ qualitative

35
Q

What is the background to richer and Haslam (r&h)

A 
The Stanford prison experiment 
Social identity theory: 
1) categorisation 
2) social comparison
3) membership and self concept
36
Q

What are the main aims/hypothesis of r&h

X5

A
  • provide data on the unfolding interactions between groups of unequal power
  • to analyse the conditions that lead individuals to (i) identify with their group (ii) accept or challenge inter group inequalities
    -to examine the role of social, organisational and clinical factors in group behaviour
    -to develop practical and ethical guidelines for examining social psychological issues in large-scale studies
    OVERALL AIM-> to study the way people respond to a system of inequality
37
Q

What is the main assumption of the social approach

A

Assumes hat behaviour is shaped by situational factors such as the environment

38
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of the social approach (12marks)

A 
X4 PEC 
2strengths 
2 limitations 
•Strengths : 
Large samples - can be generalised 
Experimental realism 
High in reliability - uses standardised procedures 
•Limitations :
Lots of unethical studies 
Ethnocentric samples 
Doesn't take into account biological factors or physiological factors
39
Q

One similarity and one difference between two studies in the social approach (6marks)

A

PEEx2
•similarity :
Piliavin and reicher and Haslam - both collected data through observation - example - explain
Piliavin and Milgram - had major ethical issues - example - explain
•difference :
Piliavin and Milgram - piliavin was a field experiment and Milgram was a structured observation
Reicher and Haslam and Milgram - reicher and Haslam had good ethics, unlike Milgram

Psychology Core Studies (5 decks)

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