Social and Emotional Development Flashcards
What aspects of the self are there?
- Body awareness
- Self-esteem
- Self-efficacy
- Self-presentation
- Self and other
- Categorical self
What is body awareness?
e.g. how children come to develop the sense that they can act on the world and that their body is seperate from the external world
What is self-esteem?
How children come to value themselves as positive or think negatively about themselves
What is self-efficacy?
e.g. evaluation of one’s ability to achieve a goal or an outcome in a particular task
What is self-presentation?
How children come to strategically manage their reputations in different settings
What is self and other?
How children become aware of and relate to others
What is the categorical self?
How children come to think of themselves as belonging to particular social groups (e.g. ethnicity, gender, or nationality)
Why is a sense of self important?
- Crucial for interacting with the environment + social world
- Can relate to topics like reputation management (e.g. how individuals learn to present themselves differently in different contexts)
What did James 1890 talk about?
About the existential self: to be aware of one’s personal existence
What evidence do we have that infants are aware of their actions?
- repeating actions
- the self in interaction
- self-awareness
- referring to the self
Explain how repeating actions means infants are aware of their actions?
One interpretation is that they understand they can use thei bodies to cause interesting effects on the world
Explain how the self in interaction means infants are aware of their actions?
- Infants respond differently to objects and people
- Aware that their behaviour has effects on other people
How does self-awareness mean that infants are aware of their actions?
- Aware of oneself as an object that can be observed
- Tested by The Rouge Test
How do implications of self-recognition mean that infants are aware of their actions?
- Only infants who passed the rouge test displayed empathy
- Infants who recognised themselves in the mirror were more likely to experience embarrassment
What is the categorical self?
- Individuals understand themselves in part, through the social groups that they belong to
- We identify as members of particular social groups, such as those based on nationality, gender, and age
What information have we found about the categorical self?
- By 2 years of age, children are able to accurately refer to themselves as boys or girls
- However they may have just simply leaned to use a label rather than thinking of themselves in that category
How do independent cultures view independence-interdependence?
They emphasise autonomy, individual decision making and personal distinctiveness
e.g. USA, Germany, Britain
How do interdependent cultures view independence-interdepence?
They emphasise social connection, conformity and relations with others
e.g. Japan, China, Turkey
What does Keller argue about parenting in independent cultures?
In Western independent cultures, infants experience intensive and exclusive attention from parents. When interacting with parents, face-to-face communication is the norm.
Infants also spend substantial amounts of time alone.
What does Keller argue about interdependent parenting?
Infants are embedded into a dense social network. They are constantly in close proximity to their caregivers; however they are never the centre of attention. They are lying in the laps or attached to the back or hip of their caregivers/
How do we measure the categorical self?
Through self-other confusion paradigms
What did Kelly et al 2005 find about parental influence on body satisfaction?
Children were more likely to develop a positive evaluation of their shape and attractiveness if their parents talked about their bodies in terms of physical health rather than in terms of weight control
What does Leary suggest about self-esteem?
Sociometer theory suggests that self-esteem allows people to determine how successfully they are navigating their personal relationships
What are the five domains of self-esteem?
- Scholastic competence
- Social acceptance
- Athletic competence
- Physical appearance
- Behavioural conduct
How can you measure self-esteem in young children?
- Show pics which either show a child performing very well or poorly at a task
- Then ask which do you think you’re more like?
What two mindsets did Sweck introduce in children?
- Fixed mindset
- Growth mindset
Explain fixed and growth mindsets.
- Praising children for their abilities (e.g. being clever) tended to lead to a fixed mindset
- Praising children for their effort tended to lead to a growth mindset
- Children with a growth mindset tend to persevere longer on challenging tasks and tend to be more willing to tackle difficult tasks
What is prosocial behaviour?
Behaviour that beneftis someone else at a cost to the self
How could prosociality evolve?
- Reciprocity
- Indirect reciprocity
What prosocial emotions are there?
- Empathy
- Sympathy
- Guilt
What is empathy?
Feeling as others feel
What is sympathy?
Feeling concern for others
How do you measure sympathy in infants?
Look at whether children comfort others in distress
What is guilt?
An aversive emotion that follows the realisation that one has harmed another person
What is agression?
Behaviour that intentionally harms other people by inflicting pain or injury on them
What is relational aggression?
Behaviour that intentionally upsets another person. Criticising, ridiculing, telling tales, social excluding, or calling names.
What is a hostile attribution bias?
Negative social experiences may lead children to a kind of interpretation bias in which individuals are more likely to interpret ambiguous situations as hostile
