Social And Developmental Flashcards
1
Q
Majority Influence
A
Asch Paradigm (1956) Conformity
2
Q
David Wechsler
A
Created the intelligence scale
3
Q
Implications of Behaviourists
A
Limited view of human nature
The person is passive
4
Q
Why does Binet method not work with adults
A
No major cognitive change after the age of 16
5
Q
Projection
A
Attributing ones feelings onto someone else
6
Q
Reaction Formation
A
Constantly feeling the opposite of what you truly unconsciously feel
7
Q
What is attribution?
A
A process where people explain the causes of behaviour and events.
8
Q
Ego Defence Mechanisms
A
Repression
Denial
Regression Displacement
We’re not conscious that we’re doing them.
9
Q
Representativeness Heuristics
A
Objects are put into categories that are the closest ones related to them.
10
Q
Repression
A
Forcing memories into the unconscious.
11
Q
Evaluation of Humanistic Approach
A
Vague
Does not account for the origins of personality.
12
Q
Eysenck
A
Extroverts have low arousal
Introverts have high arousal
13
Q
Evaluation of humanistic approach
A
Vague
Does not account for the origins of personality
14
Q
Eysenck
A
Extroverts- low level of arousal
Introverts- high level of arousal
15
Q
Prejudice
A
Judge people
16
Q
Gordon Allport
A
Humanistic Approach
17
Q
Interpersonal relationship go through three basic phrases in terms of attributions
A
Formation
Maintenance
Dissolution
18
Q
Social learning theory
A
Bobo dill
Imitation and observation
19
Q
What is situational variables?
A
Same situation can have different outcomes
20
Q
Ego
A
Develops after birth
Mediates between the Id and Superego
Differentiating between reality and fantasy
21
Q
Ultimate attribution error
A
Self-serving bias
22
Q
The Behaviourists Orientation
A
No personality at birth
Biology is irrelevant
23
Q
Reaction Formation
A
Consciously feeling the opposite of what you truly feel.
24
Q
What is attribution?
A
A process in which people explain the causes of behaviour and events.
25
Ego Defence Mechanisms
Repression
Denial
Regression
Displacement
We’re not conscious when we do these.
26
Representativeness Heuristics
Objects into categories.
27
Repression
Forcing memories into the unconscious.
28
Majority Influence
```
Asch Paradigm (1956)
Conformity
```
29
David Wechsler
Created the intelligence scale.
30
Implications of Behaviourists
Limited view of human nature.
| The person is passive.
31
Why doesn’t Binets method work with adults?
Because cognitive development stops at 16.
32
Projection
Attributing one’s feelings onto someone else.
33
Mental Age
MA/CAX100
34
Features of Binets “Metrical Scale of Intelligence” measurements
“Intelligence”
Age norms
Mental age vs Chronological age.
35
Deliberate Social Influence
Compliance- change in public behaviour to meet the norm.
36
Superego
Develops from the Oedipus/ Electra complex.
| Moral conscience.
37
Deviation IQ
Considering individuals mental ability and comparing with the average.
38
Zuckerman chart on personality dimensions
Extraversion- H
39
Regression
Retreating to part of life when it was simpler.
40
Why does social influence occur?
Achieving group normity.
41
Norms transmission in the real world
Stanford prison experiment.
42
Limitations of a metrical approach to intelligence acknowledged by Binets
No average
Not solely based on genetics
Only could be used on children
Variable rates during life span
43
Assumption on Psychodynamics
Psychological determinism
Role of the unconscious
No aspect of human is accidental
| Multiple causes of behaviour
44
What was Williams Stern’s theory?
MA/CA
45
Attitude Strength
Behavioural intentions, and thus behaviour, more strongly of the attitudes are more accessible in memory.
Chocolate one
46
Incidental social influence: social facilitation 1
The presence of others influence our behaviour
47
What does norm mean?
Beliefs system about appropriate behaviour
48
Minority influence
Consistent
| Flexible
49
Congruence, ideal and actual self
Actualising tendency drives us to our actual self
| The extent to how close we get to our ideal self influences our behaviour.
50
Ratio IQ
MA/CAX100= IQ
51
What is the human potential movement?
Developed in response to the determinism and psychodynamics.
52
Freudian Methodology
Dream Analyse
Hypnosis
Free Association
Paraplaxes
53
Source of Anxiety
Neurotic Anxiety= ID
Moral Anxiety= Superego
Objective Anxiety= External Reality
54
Hypnosis
Made neurotics recall memories- rejected it later on for free association.
55
What are the factors that influence the attribute behaviour relationship?
Attribute strength
| Social identity and norms
56
Cognitive dissonance theory
Behaviour affects our attributes
57
Availability heuristics
When thinking of an event, we go to the easiest imagination- short cut.
58
Most systematic account of how attitudes and behaviour are related
1. Positive attitude
2. Important people
3. Resources and opportunity
4. Intentions specific
59
Attitude and behaviour
Motivation or expressed intentions
60
Mischel (1973)
Argues that behaviour is a result of interaction between person variables and situation variables.
61
Paraplaxes
A simple mistake in day to day life- is a slip into your subconscious.
62
Social identity and norms
Attributes define our identity
63
Zuckerman on Eysenck
Extraversion, neuroticism and psychotism are determined by the neural systems responsible for reinforcement, punishment and arousal.
64
Cognitive Misers or Naive Scientists
CM- reluctant to expand cognitive resources, saving time and effort when understanding the social world.
NS- view we make social inferences rationally and logically and combine sources of information to understand the social world.
65
Rogers necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change
2 people
Client is vulnerable and anxious
Therapist is unconditionally positive
66
Disposition vs Situation
Disposition- individual characteristics
Situation- environment
This causes behaviour
67
Reasons for conformity
Self report- thought majority was wrong but doesn’t want to be ostracised.
68
When does cognitive dissonance appear?
When persons behaviour has an undesirable outcome to their self- esteem.
69
Person Variable
```
Skills
Perception
Expectations and beliefs
Subjective values
Self- regulation and goals
```
70
What is attitude?
Sets of beliefs, feelings and intentions towards someone, something and for events.
71
What is priming and stereotype threat?
| Consequences of stereotypes
Priming- activation of accessible categories or schemas that influence how we process new information- an ordering effect.
Stereotype threat- being at risk to conformity.
72
Norm transmission
Deliberate instruction
| Passive
73
Who thought of operant conditioning?
Skinner
74
Cognitive approach terms
Accentuation effect- “correlating social categories with continuous dimensions”
Our group homogeneity- “they are more similar to each other than we are”
Illusory correlation effect- “perceives a relationship that doesn’t exist”
75
Eysenck’s type theory
Biological theory of personality
76
An example of cognitive dissonance
A person may overcome racial prejudice from their childhood but if they see a mixed race couple, they may experience an unpleasant emotional arousal.
77
Allport’s trait theory
| Personality within the person that is not influenced by their environment
Personality within the person that is not influenced by their environment
78
What did the Milgram test show
A significant amount of people will blindly follow orders of authority figures no matter the effects of other people.
79
Wechsler’s definition of intelligence
Individuals to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment.
80
Ways in which someone can reduce dissonance
Reducing the importance- grades aren’t important.
Adding consonant elements- blame teacher.
Changing one of the dissonance elements- improve grades or rethink intelligence.
81
Authoritarian Personality
Fascist tendency
| Rooted in childhood
82
Dream Analysis
Analysing dreams
Dreams represent wish fulfilment
Unconscious desires
83
Rogers view on development in childhood
When parents show love in different certain areas, it confuses the child and they learn values.
Self- Actualisation
84
Attitude- persuasion
Credible sources
Physically attractive
The message itself is persuasive
The audience- low and high self esteem people are harder to persuade.
85
Stereotype
A cognitive structure that contains a certain set of beliefs and opinions about a social group.
86
Self- serving bias
Designed to protect our self- esteem.
87
Denial
Act as if nothing happened.
88
Rationalisation
Attempting to make actions or mistakes seem reasonable.
89
What was it called where Jones tried to rid Peter of his fear?
Systematic desensitisation.
90
Ancient Personality Types
Chloreic- bad tempered
Melancholic- gloomy
Phlegmatic- calm and unexcitable
Sanguine- cheerful
91
Incidental social influence: social facilitation III
Individuals associate the presence of others with “performance evaluation”.
92
What is operant conditioning?
Behaviour can be shaped by contingencies of reinforcement.
93
What is psychodynamics?
The interrelation of the unconscious and conscious.
94
Theoretical approach 1 conflict approach
Majority-comparison process- goes towards the majority position- public not private.
Minority- validation process- minority position- private not public.
95
Social identity theory
Categorisation
Identification
Comparison
Distinctiveness
96
Exceptional ability but low IQ
David Paravicini
97
The three distinct dimension of Weiners model of attribution
Locus- causes that lie internal and external.
Stability- do causes change over time or not?
Controllability- causes one can control vs ones they cannot.
98
What does social dominance theory show?
Individuals from dominant groups show higher levels of SDO because they benefit from it.
99
Id
Primitive
Avoids pain
Id vs superego
Structure of birth
100
What is locus?
Internal- causes within
| External- cause is external
101
What does Zuckerman believe that neuroticism is controlled by?
Neural system responsible for punishment.
102
Anchoring Heuristics
| Confirmation bias
AH- the tendency towards being biased towards the starting value is making judgment.
CB- the tendency to seek and to notice information that confirms existing beliefs more than information that disconfirms beliefs.
103
What is person variable?
Learned beliefs and expectations which characterise the individuals and make them unique.
104
Allport’s Theory
Behaviour- some theories are based on sick people.
105
Gestalt theory
Aim to raise awareness on how individuals find functions in their own environment.
106
Measuring cognitive prejudice
Implicit association test (IAT)
| Measures strengths of association between target categories and attributes.
107
What are the three forces in psychology?
Psychodynamics
Humanistics
Behaviourists
108
How much does heredity account for in personality?
40%
109
Social dominance theory
Tendency to form group-based hierarchies
‘legitimising myths’
Justification of group inequality
110
Categorisation
Putting people in categories.
111
Resistance to persuasion
Reactance- resist persuasion when deliberate.
Forewarning- told beforehand.
Inoculation- exposed to a weak persuasion.
112
Social dilemma
| Common dilemma
Exploiting resources
113
Functions of norms
Reduce uncertainty about appropriate behaviour.
Help co-ordinate individual behaviour.
Help with the distribution of outcomes.
114
Mere exposure effect
Exposed repeatedly.
115
Who started intelligence measurements?
Alfred Binet- Clinical work.
| Wechsler- Measures it.
116
Where are attributes represented?
Memory.
117
ARAS
Ascending
Reticular
Activating
System
118
Casual attribution
Explanation to prejudice.
119
Locus control ratter (1982)
Internal
Extent to which people believe outcomes is due to their effects.
External
No control on the outcomes.
120
What can social influence change?
```
Attitude
Beliefs
Opinions
Values
Behaviour
```
Changing this is a result of being exposed to other people.
121
Characteristics of self-actualisers
```
Good perception of reality
Acceptance in ones self and others
Need privacy
Social interest
Creativeness
```
122
The big five factors
| OCEAN
```
Openness
Conscientious
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
```
123
Relationship between Freud’s psychic entities and levels
Id- wholly unconscious
Ego- partly
Superego- partly
124
Realistic conflict theory
Observe inter group behaviour from inception to dissolution.
125
Features of the first intelligence test
Variety of tasks increasingly in difficulty.
50 children
Children picked were average
126
Two types of motivation
Deficiency needs- something we lack and want.
| Growth needs- unique to the individual.
127
Person centred theory
Helps individuals free themselves from self- actualisation.
128
Goal directed dynamics
| Developmental approach
GDD- All behaviour is motivated.
| DA- adult behaviour derives from experiences of the growing child.
129
Types of norms
Descriptive- informs us about how others will act in a similar situation.
Injunctive- specify what Beirut should be performed.
130
What does norm mean to us?
Constrains us and benefits us.
131
Stereotype content Solomon Aschs configurable model (1946)
Central traits- traits that have a disproportionate influence on the configuration of impressions.
Group locomotion effect- differences are eliminated to reach the goal faster.
132
How to reduce the impact of stereotypes?
Implicit goal operations- the process whereby a goal enables people regulate responses.
Outcome dependency- individual impressions.
Accountability- justify their response.
133
Topological model of the psyche Freud (1940)
Conscious- handles external reality, avoids danger, avoids danger, maintains civilised behaviour.
Pre-conscious- censors and contorts ids desires.
Unconscious- drives impulses and wishes mostly sexual. - thinking- impulsive, disorganised, irrational, ignores time, order and logic.
134
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
```
Self-actualisation
Esteem needs
Belongingness
Safety
Physiological
```
135
Maslow’s view on development
Fostering this tendency during childhood= positive.
| Failure to foster this tendency= negative attributes.
136
What was Wolpe’s findings that were derived from Jacobson?
Abstract fears could be helped through relaxation.
137
Outcome of GT for client
Cognitive change- how the other person thought of the issues.
Behavioural change- taking a stand.
Affective change- feels capable of dealing with surprises encountered in everyday life.
138
What are the three components of attitude?
1. Affect- the feeling that an attitude object arouses.
2. Behavioural- intention to act in a particular way with respect to a particular object.
3. Cognitive- set of beliefs about an object.
139
What is Heuristics judgement?
Rules that help us form judgment.
140
Self-actualisation needs three things
Unconditional positive regard
Genuineness
Empathy
141
Why does social influence occur?
Normative Influence- presumes q need for social approval.
Informational Influence- presumes a need to reduce uncertainty and involves accepting the information obtained as evidence.
