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Social And Developmental Flashcards

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1
Q

Majority Influence

A 
Asch Paradigm (1956) 
Conformity
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2
Q

David Wechsler

A

Created the intelligence scale

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3
Q

Implications of Behaviourists

A

Limited view of human nature

The person is passive

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4
Q

Why does Binet method not work with adults

A

No major cognitive change after the age of 16

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5
Q

Projection

A

Attributing ones feelings onto someone else

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6
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Constantly feeling the opposite of what you truly unconsciously feel

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7
Q

What is attribution?

A

A process where people explain the causes of behaviour and events.

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8
Q

Ego Defence Mechanisms

A

Repression
Denial
Regression Displacement

We’re not conscious that we’re doing them.

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9
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A

Objects are put into categories that are the closest ones related to them.

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10
Q

Repression

A

Forcing memories into the unconscious.

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11
Q

Evaluation of Humanistic Approach

A

Vague

Does not account for the origins of personality.

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12
Q

Eysenck

A

Extroverts have low arousal

Introverts have high arousal

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13
Q

Evaluation of humanistic approach

A

Vague

Does not account for the origins of personality

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14
Q

Eysenck

A

Extroverts- low level of arousal

Introverts- high level of arousal

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15
Q

Prejudice

A

Judge people

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16
Q

Gordon Allport

A

Humanistic Approach

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17
Q

Interpersonal relationship go through three basic phrases in terms of attributions

A

Formation
Maintenance
Dissolution

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18
Q

Social learning theory

A

Bobo dill

Imitation and observation

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19
Q

What is situational variables?

A

Same situation can have different outcomes

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20
Q

Ego

A

Develops after birth
Mediates between the Id and Superego
Differentiating between reality and fantasy

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21
Q

Ultimate attribution error

A

Self-serving bias

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22
Q

The Behaviourists Orientation

A

No personality at birth

Biology is irrelevant

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23
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Consciously feeling the opposite of what you truly feel.

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24
Q

What is attribution?

A

A process in which people explain the causes of behaviour and events.

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25
Q

Ego Defence Mechanisms

A

Repression
Denial
Regression
Displacement

We’re not conscious when we do these.

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26
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A

Objects into categories.

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27
Q

Repression

A

Forcing memories into the unconscious.

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28
Q

Majority Influence

A 
Asch Paradigm (1956) 
Conformity
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29
Q

David Wechsler

A

Created the intelligence scale.

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30
Q

Implications of Behaviourists

A

Limited view of human nature.

The person is passive.

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31
Q

Why doesn’t Binets method work with adults?

A

Because cognitive development stops at 16.

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32
Q

Projection

A

Attributing one’s feelings onto someone else.

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33
Q

Mental Age

A

MA/CAX100

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34
Q

Features of Binets “Metrical Scale of Intelligence” measurements

A

“Intelligence”
Age norms
Mental age vs Chronological age.

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35
Q

Deliberate Social Influence

A

Compliance- change in public behaviour to meet the norm.

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36
Q

Superego

A

Develops from the Oedipus/ Electra complex.

Moral conscience.

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37
Q

Deviation IQ

A

Considering individuals mental ability and comparing with the average.

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38
Q

Zuckerman chart on personality dimensions

A

Extraversion- H

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39
Q

Regression

A

Retreating to part of life when it was simpler.

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40
Q

Why does social influence occur?

A

Achieving group normity.

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41
Q

Norms transmission in the real world

A

Stanford prison experiment.

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42
Q

Limitations of a metrical approach to intelligence acknowledged by Binets

A

No average
Not solely based on genetics
Only could be used on children
Variable rates during life span

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43
Q

Assumption on Psychodynamics
Psychological determinism
Role of the unconscious

A

No aspect of human is accidental

Multiple causes of behaviour

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44
Q

What was Williams Stern’s theory?

A

MA/CA

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45
Q

Attitude Strength

A

Behavioural intentions, and thus behaviour, more strongly of the attitudes are more accessible in memory.

Chocolate one

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46
Q

Incidental social influence: social facilitation 1

A

The presence of others influence our behaviour

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47
Q

What does norm mean?

A

Beliefs system about appropriate behaviour

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48
Q

Minority influence

A

Consistent

Flexible

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49
Q

Congruence, ideal and actual self

A

Actualising tendency drives us to our actual self

The extent to how close we get to our ideal self influences our behaviour.

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50
Q

Ratio IQ

A

MA/CAX100= IQ

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51
Q

What is the human potential movement?

A

Developed in response to the determinism and psychodynamics.

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52
Q

Freudian Methodology

A

Dream Analyse
Hypnosis
Free Association
Paraplaxes

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53
Q

Source of Anxiety

A

Neurotic Anxiety= ID
Moral Anxiety= Superego
Objective Anxiety= External Reality

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54
Q

Hypnosis

A

Made neurotics recall memories- rejected it later on for free association.

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55
Q

What are the factors that influence the attribute behaviour relationship?

A

Attribute strength

Social identity and norms

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56
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

Behaviour affects our attributes

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57
Q

Availability heuristics

A

When thinking of an event, we go to the easiest imagination- short cut.

58
Q

Most systematic account of how attitudes and behaviour are related

A
  1. Positive attitude
  2. Important people
  3. Resources and opportunity
  4. Intentions specific
59
Q

Attitude and behaviour

A

Motivation or expressed intentions

60
Q

Mischel (1973)

A

Argues that behaviour is a result of interaction between person variables and situation variables.

61
Q

Paraplaxes

A

A simple mistake in day to day life- is a slip into your subconscious.

62
Q

Social identity and norms

A

Attributes define our identity

63
Q

Zuckerman on Eysenck

A

Extraversion, neuroticism and psychotism are determined by the neural systems responsible for reinforcement, punishment and arousal.

64
Q

Cognitive Misers or Naive Scientists

A

CM- reluctant to expand cognitive resources, saving time and effort when understanding the social world.

NS- view we make social inferences rationally and logically and combine sources of information to understand the social world.

65
Q

Rogers necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change

A

2 people

Client is vulnerable and anxious
Therapist is unconditionally positive

66
Q

Disposition vs Situation

A

Disposition- individual characteristics

Situation- environment

This causes behaviour

67
Q

Reasons for conformity

A

Self report- thought majority was wrong but doesn’t want to be ostracised.

68
Q

When does cognitive dissonance appear?

A

When persons behaviour has an undesirable outcome to their self- esteem.

69
Q

Person Variable

A 
Skills
Perception 
Expectations and beliefs
Subjective values
Self- regulation and goals
70
Q

What is attitude?

A

Sets of beliefs, feelings and intentions towards someone, something and for events.

71
Q

What is priming and stereotype threat?

Consequences of stereotypes

A

Priming- activation of accessible categories or schemas that influence how we process new information- an ordering effect.

Stereotype threat- being at risk to conformity.

72
Q

Norm transmission

A

Deliberate instruction

Passive

73
Q

Who thought of operant conditioning?

A

Skinner

74
Q

Cognitive approach terms

A

Accentuation effect- “correlating social categories with continuous dimensions”
Our group homogeneity- “they are more similar to each other than we are”
Illusory correlation effect- “perceives a relationship that doesn’t exist”

75
Q

Eysenck’s type theory

A

Biological theory of personality

76
Q

An example of cognitive dissonance

A

A person may overcome racial prejudice from their childhood but if they see a mixed race couple, they may experience an unpleasant emotional arousal.

77
Q

Allport’s trait theory

Personality within the person that is not influenced by their environment

A

Personality within the person that is not influenced by their environment

78
Q

What did the Milgram test show

A

A significant amount of people will blindly follow orders of authority figures no matter the effects of other people.

79
Q

Wechsler’s definition of intelligence

A

Individuals to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment.

80
Q

Ways in which someone can reduce dissonance

A

Reducing the importance- grades aren’t important.
Adding consonant elements- blame teacher.
Changing one of the dissonance elements- improve grades or rethink intelligence.

81
Q

Authoritarian Personality

A

Fascist tendency

Rooted in childhood

82
Q

Dream Analysis

A

Analysing dreams
Dreams represent wish fulfilment
Unconscious desires

83
Q

Rogers view on development in childhood

A

When parents show love in different certain areas, it confuses the child and they learn values.
Self- Actualisation

84
Q

Attitude- persuasion

A

Credible sources
Physically attractive
The message itself is persuasive
The audience- low and high self esteem people are harder to persuade.

85
Q

Stereotype

A

A cognitive structure that contains a certain set of beliefs and opinions about a social group.

86
Q

Self- serving bias

A

Designed to protect our self- esteem.

87
Q

Denial

A

Act as if nothing happened.

88
Q

Rationalisation

A

Attempting to make actions or mistakes seem reasonable.

89
Q

What was it called where Jones tried to rid Peter of his fear?

A

Systematic desensitisation.

90
Q

Ancient Personality Types

A

Chloreic- bad tempered
Melancholic- gloomy
Phlegmatic- calm and unexcitable
Sanguine- cheerful

91
Q

Incidental social influence: social facilitation III

A

Individuals associate the presence of others with “performance evaluation”.

92
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behaviour can be shaped by contingencies of reinforcement.

93
Q

What is psychodynamics?

A

The interrelation of the unconscious and conscious.

94
Q

Theoretical approach 1 conflict approach

A

Majority-comparison process- goes towards the majority position- public not private.
Minority- validation process- minority position- private not public.

95
Q

Social identity theory

A

Categorisation
Identification
Comparison
Distinctiveness

96
Q

Exceptional ability but low IQ

A

David Paravicini

97
Q

The three distinct dimension of Weiners model of attribution

A

Locus- causes that lie internal and external.
Stability- do causes change over time or not?
Controllability- causes one can control vs ones they cannot.

98
Q

What does social dominance theory show?

A

Individuals from dominant groups show higher levels of SDO because they benefit from it.

99
Q

Id

A

Primitive
Avoids pain
Id vs superego
Structure of birth

100
Q

What is locus?

A

Internal- causes within

External- cause is external

101
Q

What does Zuckerman believe that neuroticism is controlled by?

A

Neural system responsible for punishment.

102
Q

Anchoring Heuristics

Confirmation bias

A

AH- the tendency towards being biased towards the starting value is making judgment.
CB- the tendency to seek and to notice information that confirms existing beliefs more than information that disconfirms beliefs.

103
Q

What is person variable?

A

Learned beliefs and expectations which characterise the individuals and make them unique.

104
Q

Allport’s Theory

A

Behaviour- some theories are based on sick people.

105
Q

Gestalt theory

A

Aim to raise awareness on how individuals find functions in their own environment.

106
Q

Measuring cognitive prejudice

A

Implicit association test (IAT)

Measures strengths of association between target categories and attributes.

107
Q

What are the three forces in psychology?

A

Psychodynamics
Humanistics
Behaviourists

108
Q

How much does heredity account for in personality?

A

40%

109
Q

Social dominance theory

A

Tendency to form group-based hierarchies
‘legitimising myths’
Justification of group inequality

110
Q

Categorisation

A

Putting people in categories.

111
Q

Resistance to persuasion

A

Reactance- resist persuasion when deliberate.
Forewarning- told beforehand.
Inoculation- exposed to a weak persuasion.

112
Q

Social dilemma

Common dilemma

A

Exploiting resources

113
Q

Functions of norms

A

Reduce uncertainty about appropriate behaviour.
Help co-ordinate individual behaviour.
Help with the distribution of outcomes.

114
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

Exposed repeatedly.

115
Q

Who started intelligence measurements?

A

Alfred Binet- Clinical work.

Wechsler- Measures it.

116
Q

Where are attributes represented?

A

Memory.

117
Q

ARAS

A

Ascending
Reticular
Activating
System

118
Q

Casual attribution

A

Explanation to prejudice.

119
Q

Locus control ratter (1982)

A

Internal
Extent to which people believe outcomes is due to their effects.
External
No control on the outcomes.

120
Q

What can social influence change?

A 
Attitude 
Beliefs 
Opinions 
Values 
Behaviour

Changing this is a result of being exposed to other people.

121
Q

Characteristics of self-actualisers

A 
Good perception of reality 
Acceptance in ones self and others 
Need privacy
Social interest
Creativeness
122
Q

The big five factors

OCEAN

A 
Openness 
Conscientious 
Extraversion 
Agreeableness 
Neuroticism
123
Q

Relationship between Freud’s psychic entities and levels

A

Id- wholly unconscious
Ego- partly
Superego- partly

124
Q

Realistic conflict theory

A

Observe inter group behaviour from inception to dissolution.

125
Q

Features of the first intelligence test

A

Variety of tasks increasingly in difficulty.
50 children
Children picked were average

126
Q

Two types of motivation

A

Deficiency needs- something we lack and want.

Growth needs- unique to the individual.

127
Q

Person centred theory

A

Helps individuals free themselves from self- actualisation.

128
Q

Goal directed dynamics

Developmental approach

A

GDD- All behaviour is motivated.

DA- adult behaviour derives from experiences of the growing child.

129
Q

Types of norms

A

Descriptive- informs us about how others will act in a similar situation.
Injunctive- specify what Beirut should be performed.

130
Q

What does norm mean to us?

A

Constrains us and benefits us.

131
Q

Stereotype content Solomon Aschs configurable model (1946)

A

Central traits- traits that have a disproportionate influence on the configuration of impressions.
Group locomotion effect- differences are eliminated to reach the goal faster.

132
Q

How to reduce the impact of stereotypes?

A

Implicit goal operations- the process whereby a goal enables people regulate responses.
Outcome dependency- individual impressions.
Accountability- justify their response.

133
Q

Topological model of the psyche Freud (1940)

A

Conscious- handles external reality, avoids danger, avoids danger, maintains civilised behaviour.
Pre-conscious- censors and contorts ids desires.
Unconscious- drives impulses and wishes mostly sexual. - thinking- impulsive, disorganised, irrational, ignores time, order and logic.

134
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A 
Self-actualisation
Esteem needs 
Belongingness 
Safety 
Physiological
135
Q

Maslow’s view on development

A

Fostering this tendency during childhood= positive.

Failure to foster this tendency= negative attributes.

136
Q

What was Wolpe’s findings that were derived from Jacobson?

A

Abstract fears could be helped through relaxation.

137
Q

Outcome of GT for client

A

Cognitive change- how the other person thought of the issues.
Behavioural change- taking a stand.
Affective change- feels capable of dealing with surprises encountered in everyday life.

138
Q

What are the three components of attitude?

A
  1. Affect- the feeling that an attitude object arouses.
  2. Behavioural- intention to act in a particular way with respect to a particular object.
  3. Cognitive- set of beliefs about an object.
139
Q

What is Heuristics judgement?

A

Rules that help us form judgment.

140
Q

Self-actualisation needs three things

A

Unconditional positive regard
Genuineness
Empathy

141
Q

Why does social influence occur?

A

Normative Influence- presumes q need for social approval.
Informational Influence- presumes a need to reduce uncertainty and involves accepting the information obtained as evidence.

Social And Developmental Psychology (1 decks)

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