Social And Developmental Flashcards
Majority Influence
Asch Paradigm (1956) Conformity
David Wechsler
Created the intelligence scale
Implications of Behaviourists
Limited view of human nature
The person is passive
Why does Binet method not work with adults
No major cognitive change after the age of 16
Projection
Attributing ones feelings onto someone else
Reaction Formation
Constantly feeling the opposite of what you truly unconsciously feel
What is attribution?
A process where people explain the causes of behaviour and events.
Ego Defence Mechanisms
Repression
Denial
Regression Displacement
We’re not conscious that we’re doing them.
Representativeness Heuristics
Objects are put into categories that are the closest ones related to them.
Repression
Forcing memories into the unconscious.
Evaluation of Humanistic Approach
Vague
Does not account for the origins of personality.
Eysenck
Extroverts have low arousal
Introverts have high arousal
Evaluation of humanistic approach
Vague
Does not account for the origins of personality
Eysenck
Extroverts- low level of arousal
Introverts- high level of arousal
Prejudice
Judge people
Gordon Allport
Humanistic Approach
Interpersonal relationship go through three basic phrases in terms of attributions
Formation
Maintenance
Dissolution
Social learning theory
Bobo dill
Imitation and observation
What is situational variables?
Same situation can have different outcomes
Ego
Develops after birth
Mediates between the Id and Superego
Differentiating between reality and fantasy
Ultimate attribution error
Self-serving bias
The Behaviourists Orientation
No personality at birth
Biology is irrelevant
Reaction Formation
Consciously feeling the opposite of what you truly feel.
What is attribution?
A process in which people explain the causes of behaviour and events.
Ego Defence Mechanisms
Repression
Denial
Regression
Displacement
We’re not conscious when we do these.
Representativeness Heuristics
Objects into categories.
Repression
Forcing memories into the unconscious.
Majority Influence
Asch Paradigm (1956) Conformity
David Wechsler
Created the intelligence scale.
Implications of Behaviourists
Limited view of human nature.
The person is passive.
Why doesn’t Binets method work with adults?
Because cognitive development stops at 16.
Projection
Attributing one’s feelings onto someone else.
Mental Age
MA/CAX100
Features of Binets “Metrical Scale of Intelligence” measurements
“Intelligence”
Age norms
Mental age vs Chronological age.
Deliberate Social Influence
Compliance- change in public behaviour to meet the norm.
Superego
Develops from the Oedipus/ Electra complex.
Moral conscience.
Deviation IQ
Considering individuals mental ability and comparing with the average.
Zuckerman chart on personality dimensions
Extraversion- H
Regression
Retreating to part of life when it was simpler.
Why does social influence occur?
Achieving group normity.
Norms transmission in the real world
Stanford prison experiment.
Limitations of a metrical approach to intelligence acknowledged by Binets
No average
Not solely based on genetics
Only could be used on children
Variable rates during life span
Assumption on Psychodynamics
Psychological determinism
Role of the unconscious
No aspect of human is accidental
Multiple causes of behaviour
What was Williams Stern’s theory?
MA/CA
Attitude Strength
Behavioural intentions, and thus behaviour, more strongly of the attitudes are more accessible in memory.
Chocolate one
Incidental social influence: social facilitation 1
The presence of others influence our behaviour
What does norm mean?
Beliefs system about appropriate behaviour
Minority influence
Consistent
Flexible
Congruence, ideal and actual self
Actualising tendency drives us to our actual self
The extent to how close we get to our ideal self influences our behaviour.
Ratio IQ
MA/CAX100= IQ
What is the human potential movement?
Developed in response to the determinism and psychodynamics.
Freudian Methodology
Dream Analyse
Hypnosis
Free Association
Paraplaxes
Source of Anxiety
Neurotic Anxiety= ID
Moral Anxiety= Superego
Objective Anxiety= External Reality
Hypnosis
Made neurotics recall memories- rejected it later on for free association.
What are the factors that influence the attribute behaviour relationship?
Attribute strength
Social identity and norms
Cognitive dissonance theory
Behaviour affects our attributes
Availability heuristics
When thinking of an event, we go to the easiest imagination- short cut.
Most systematic account of how attitudes and behaviour are related
- Positive attitude
- Important people
- Resources and opportunity
- Intentions specific
Attitude and behaviour
Motivation or expressed intentions
Mischel (1973)
Argues that behaviour is a result of interaction between person variables and situation variables.
Paraplaxes
A simple mistake in day to day life- is a slip into your subconscious.
Social identity and norms
Attributes define our identity
Zuckerman on Eysenck
Extraversion, neuroticism and psychotism are determined by the neural systems responsible for reinforcement, punishment and arousal.
Cognitive Misers or Naive Scientists
CM- reluctant to expand cognitive resources, saving time and effort when understanding the social world.
NS- view we make social inferences rationally and logically and combine sources of information to understand the social world.
Rogers necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change
2 people
Client is vulnerable and anxious
Therapist is unconditionally positive
Disposition vs Situation
Disposition- individual characteristics
Situation- environment
This causes behaviour
Reasons for conformity
Self report- thought majority was wrong but doesn’t want to be ostracised.
When does cognitive dissonance appear?
When persons behaviour has an undesirable outcome to their self- esteem.
Person Variable
Skills Perception Expectations and beliefs Subjective values Self- regulation and goals
What is attitude?
Sets of beliefs, feelings and intentions towards someone, something and for events.
What is priming and stereotype threat?
Consequences of stereotypes
Priming- activation of accessible categories or schemas that influence how we process new information- an ordering effect.
Stereotype threat- being at risk to conformity.
Norm transmission
Deliberate instruction
Passive
Who thought of operant conditioning?
Skinner
Cognitive approach terms
Accentuation effect- “correlating social categories with continuous dimensions”
Our group homogeneity- “they are more similar to each other than we are”
Illusory correlation effect- “perceives a relationship that doesn’t exist”
Eysenck’s type theory
Biological theory of personality
An example of cognitive dissonance
A person may overcome racial prejudice from their childhood but if they see a mixed race couple, they may experience an unpleasant emotional arousal.
Allport’s trait theory
Personality within the person that is not influenced by their environment
Personality within the person that is not influenced by their environment
What did the Milgram test show
A significant amount of people will blindly follow orders of authority figures no matter the effects of other people.
Wechsler’s definition of intelligence
Individuals to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment.
Ways in which someone can reduce dissonance
Reducing the importance- grades aren’t important.
Adding consonant elements- blame teacher.
Changing one of the dissonance elements- improve grades or rethink intelligence.
Authoritarian Personality
Fascist tendency
Rooted in childhood
Dream Analysis
Analysing dreams
Dreams represent wish fulfilment
Unconscious desires
Rogers view on development in childhood
When parents show love in different certain areas, it confuses the child and they learn values.
Self- Actualisation
Attitude- persuasion
Credible sources
Physically attractive
The message itself is persuasive
The audience- low and high self esteem people are harder to persuade.
Stereotype
A cognitive structure that contains a certain set of beliefs and opinions about a social group.
Self- serving bias
Designed to protect our self- esteem.
Denial
Act as if nothing happened.
Rationalisation
Attempting to make actions or mistakes seem reasonable.
What was it called where Jones tried to rid Peter of his fear?
Systematic desensitisation.
Ancient Personality Types
Chloreic- bad tempered
Melancholic- gloomy
Phlegmatic- calm and unexcitable
Sanguine- cheerful
Incidental social influence: social facilitation III
Individuals associate the presence of others with “performance evaluation”.
What is operant conditioning?
Behaviour can be shaped by contingencies of reinforcement.
What is psychodynamics?
The interrelation of the unconscious and conscious.
Theoretical approach 1 conflict approach
Majority-comparison process- goes towards the majority position- public not private.
Minority- validation process- minority position- private not public.
Social identity theory
Categorisation
Identification
Comparison
Distinctiveness
Exceptional ability but low IQ
David Paravicini
The three distinct dimension of Weiners model of attribution
Locus- causes that lie internal and external.
Stability- do causes change over time or not?
Controllability- causes one can control vs ones they cannot.
What does social dominance theory show?
Individuals from dominant groups show higher levels of SDO because they benefit from it.
Id
Primitive
Avoids pain
Id vs superego
Structure of birth
What is locus?
Internal- causes within
External- cause is external
What does Zuckerman believe that neuroticism is controlled by?
Neural system responsible for punishment.
Anchoring Heuristics
Confirmation bias
AH- the tendency towards being biased towards the starting value is making judgment.
CB- the tendency to seek and to notice information that confirms existing beliefs more than information that disconfirms beliefs.
What is person variable?
Learned beliefs and expectations which characterise the individuals and make them unique.
Allport’s Theory
Behaviour- some theories are based on sick people.
Gestalt theory
Aim to raise awareness on how individuals find functions in their own environment.
Measuring cognitive prejudice
Implicit association test (IAT)
Measures strengths of association between target categories and attributes.
What are the three forces in psychology?
Psychodynamics
Humanistics
Behaviourists
How much does heredity account for in personality?
40%
Social dominance theory
Tendency to form group-based hierarchies
‘legitimising myths’
Justification of group inequality
Categorisation
Putting people in categories.
Resistance to persuasion
Reactance- resist persuasion when deliberate.
Forewarning- told beforehand.
Inoculation- exposed to a weak persuasion.
Social dilemma
Common dilemma
Exploiting resources
Functions of norms
Reduce uncertainty about appropriate behaviour.
Help co-ordinate individual behaviour.
Help with the distribution of outcomes.
Mere exposure effect
Exposed repeatedly.
Who started intelligence measurements?
Alfred Binet- Clinical work.
Wechsler- Measures it.
Where are attributes represented?
Memory.
ARAS
Ascending
Reticular
Activating
System
Casual attribution
Explanation to prejudice.
Locus control ratter (1982)
Internal
Extent to which people believe outcomes is due to their effects.
External
No control on the outcomes.
What can social influence change?
Attitude Beliefs Opinions Values Behaviour
Changing this is a result of being exposed to other people.
Characteristics of self-actualisers
Good perception of reality Acceptance in ones self and others Need privacy Social interest Creativeness
The big five factors
OCEAN
Openness Conscientious Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Relationship between Freud’s psychic entities and levels
Id- wholly unconscious
Ego- partly
Superego- partly
Realistic conflict theory
Observe inter group behaviour from inception to dissolution.
Features of the first intelligence test
Variety of tasks increasingly in difficulty.
50 children
Children picked were average
Two types of motivation
Deficiency needs- something we lack and want.
Growth needs- unique to the individual.
Person centred theory
Helps individuals free themselves from self- actualisation.
Goal directed dynamics
Developmental approach
GDD- All behaviour is motivated.
DA- adult behaviour derives from experiences of the growing child.
Types of norms
Descriptive- informs us about how others will act in a similar situation.
Injunctive- specify what Beirut should be performed.
What does norm mean to us?
Constrains us and benefits us.
Stereotype content Solomon Aschs configurable model (1946)
Central traits- traits that have a disproportionate influence on the configuration of impressions.
Group locomotion effect- differences are eliminated to reach the goal faster.
How to reduce the impact of stereotypes?
Implicit goal operations- the process whereby a goal enables people regulate responses.
Outcome dependency- individual impressions.
Accountability- justify their response.
Topological model of the psyche Freud (1940)
Conscious- handles external reality, avoids danger, avoids danger, maintains civilised behaviour.
Pre-conscious- censors and contorts ids desires.
Unconscious- drives impulses and wishes mostly sexual. - thinking- impulsive, disorganised, irrational, ignores time, order and logic.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Self-actualisation Esteem needs Belongingness Safety Physiological
Maslow’s view on development
Fostering this tendency during childhood= positive.
Failure to foster this tendency= negative attributes.
What was Wolpe’s findings that were derived from Jacobson?
Abstract fears could be helped through relaxation.
Outcome of GT for client
Cognitive change- how the other person thought of the issues.
Behavioural change- taking a stand.
Affective change- feels capable of dealing with surprises encountered in everyday life.
What are the three components of attitude?
- Affect- the feeling that an attitude object arouses.
- Behavioural- intention to act in a particular way with respect to a particular object.
- Cognitive- set of beliefs about an object.
What is Heuristics judgement?
Rules that help us form judgment.
Self-actualisation needs three things
Unconditional positive regard
Genuineness
Empathy
Why does social influence occur?
Normative Influence- presumes q need for social approval.
Informational Influence- presumes a need to reduce uncertainty and involves accepting the information obtained as evidence.
