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History - China > Social and cultural changes > Flashcards

Social and cultural changes Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the New Marriage Law?

A

1950

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2
Q

What did the New Marriage Law mean for women?

A
  • Allowed women to own property
  • divorce
  • it banned arranged marriages as the bride had to now be consenting
  • banned marriage until 18
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3
Q

What percent of women over the age of 7 could read in the 1930’s?

A

1%

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4
Q

What was the negative side effects of the New Marriage Law?

A
  • Men believed they’d been sold a ‘false bag of goods’ with the banning of dowry’s and therefore 1.4 million divorce petitions were filled in 1953
  • Lack of financial support for women
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5
Q

Percent of arranged marriages in the late 1940’s and then 1966 - 1976

A

Late 1940’s: 30.6%
1966 - 76: 0.8%

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6
Q

What percent of men over the age of 7 could read in the 1930’s?

A

30%

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7
Q

Percentage of marriages in 1946 - 1949 that the bride was aged 16 - 17 and percent in 1958 - 65

A
  • 1946 - 49, in 18.6 per cent of marriages the bride was aged 16 to 17.
  • By 1958 – 65 this had dropped to 2.4 per cent.
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8
Q

What was the impact of collectivisation and the communes of women’s lives?

A
  • The GLF encouraged women to work but most didn’t - only the pourest peasant women had to out of economic necessity
  • Mao argued that women in work would allow liberation, reiterating this necessity in 1955
  • Labelled those who worked as ‘Iron Women’
  • Childcare centralised by party and creation of kindergartens
  • Made their lives worse as they now had to work + take care of the home
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9
Q

What group did the New Marriage Law not effect?

A

Women in tradition muslim communities - in 1953 the party relaunched the campaign’s propaganda

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10
Q

How were kindergartens awful?

A
  • mothers were upset as their lost their child-rearing roles to the party + they could be seperated for weeks at a time
  • housed in ramshackle buildings + children slept and ate on the floor
  • In one in Beijing, 90% of children got sick
  • With the famine, food supplies meant for kids were stolen
  • They collpased by the end of the GLF
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11
Q

How were communal canteens awful?

A
  • meant to release women from responsibility for feeding the family, but the poor quality of food and the length of time it took to get across the commune to get food actually increased women’s hardship
  • food allocated on basis of amount of physical labour performed so women got less
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12
Q

How did work points not benefit women at all?

A
  • Men could recieve up to 10, women capped at 8
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13
Q

Abuse and discrimination women faced in work?

A
  • women forced to work while pregnant often miscarried
  • sexual abuse
  • in Human, bosses forced women to work naked
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14
Q

How did the famine effect women?

A
  • turned to sex work, which led to suicide
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15
Q

What was the membership of the Women’s Association?

A

76 Million

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16
Q

What was the benefit of The Women’s Association?

A
  • Allowed women to recognise their voice + self confidence
  • Encouraged women to physically stand up to husbands who beat them - one meeting they attacked a husband together and he swore to never beat her again
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17
Q

How did the cultural revolution promote equality for women?

A
  • Men and women wore the same Maoist uniform
  • Many women led the Red Guards
  • Exalted as revolutionary heroes in ballets like ‘Red Detachment of Women’
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18
Q

How many rural girls started school between 1929 and 1949 finish their primary education?

A

38%

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19
Q

How many girls completed primary school education if they started after 1959?

A

100%

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20
Q

By 1978, what percent of primary school children were girls?

A

45%

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21
Q

When did the PLA enlist unmarried, educated female students aged 18 + 19 for military academies?

A

Autumn 1949

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22
Q

What policy originally promised change for women then failed?

A
  • Women could only truly gain status in ownership of land
  • This was removed with the colectivisation of land policy
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23
Q

State of Education before reform:

A
  • only 30% of men over 7 could read, only 1% of women
  • 45.2% of men and only 2,2% of women had recieved any schooling
  • men attended average 4 yrs, women 3
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24
Q

Increase of primary school students from 1949 to 1957

A

26 million to 64 million

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25
Q

How many remained illiterate in 1957

A

78%

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26
Q

How many attended primary schools in 1957?

A

52%

27
Q

What was higher education modelled closely on?

A

The Soviet Union

28
Q

Increase of University enrolments

A

117,000 to 441,000 (quadrupled)

29
Q

By 1953,how many students were in engineering, medicine and agriculture?

A

63%

30
Q

What did manderin replace and when?

A

Pinyin in 1955

31
Q

Failures of educational reform 1949 - 58

A
  • remained elitist, CCP promised opportunities to workers + peasants but middle schools and uni’s favoured the privaleged
  • Divide between urban + rural
  • Teaching of literacy was left to uneducated cadres
  • available school places did not meet demand
32
Q

Why did Winter Schools fail to promote literacy?

A

Peasants forgot what they learnt in the previous winter

33
Q

How did the Great Leap Forward change education?

A
  • they realised they needed qualified people to teach
  • labour introduced to the curriculum ‘half work, half study’
  • by 1960 there were 30,000 schools, one for each commune
34
Q

Negative impact of Great Leap Forward on education?

A
  • schools cut too many classes for labour - students rather worked on backyard furnaces
  • Created a divide, rural had 2-step education of primary to agricultural middle schools while urban had all stages + recived best funding + teachers
  • By the 1960’s, it was even more elitist than before
35
Q

What did Mao complain about education in 1964?

A
  • 12 years was too long
  • students were not prepared for manual labour
  • ‘too much studying going on’
36
Q

Cultural Revolutions students refocus:

A
  • Instead of schooling Mao offered students the opportunity to experience true revolutionary fervour
  • Schools + Uni’s closed as Red Guards abandonned their education to attend the 8 mass rallies in Beijing
  • Students attacked their teachers, intimidated them at struggle meetings forcing them to kneel for hours
37
Q

Impact of the Cultural Revolution on education:

A
  • After, many were not sent back to school but into the countryside
  • Completely dismantled the system
38
Q

State of healthcare before 1949?

A
  • christian missionaries had brought western medicine to China during the 20’s and 30’s but still relied heavily on acupuncture and herbalism
  • healthcare in rural areas was practially non-existent
39
Q

What was the highest percent of budget spent on healthcare until 1956?

A

2.6%

40
Q

What was the focus of healthcare for the CCP?

A
  • More cost effective to focus on the prevention of disease rather than curing it
41
Q

What did the Patriotic health campaigns do and were they effective?

A
  • educate illiterate peasants in the countryside on how to prevent disease
  • very effective, smallpox + cholera practically eliminated + cases ot TB reduced
  • terror campaigns against drug suppliers effective in lowering number of drug addicts
42
Q

Life expectancy in 1949 and then 1957

A

1949 - 36
1957 - 57

43
Q

How many western-type hospitals did state investment build?

A

800

44
Q

How many medical doctors were graduating every year in the 1960’s?

A

25,000

45
Q

What disrupted the work of doctors in the 1950’s?

A

The Anti’s Campaign

46
Q

How long were barefoot doctors trained for?

A

6 months

47
Q

Impact of barefoot doctors?

A
  • Very poor help but was an improvement on before for the rural peasants
  • adequete to treat common problems
  • by 1973, over a million doctors had been trained
48
Q

What did Mao declare about the outdated traditions + media?

A

‘the dead still rule today’

49
Q

When did Jiang Qing launch her poltical career?

A

in 1966, start of the cultural revolution

50
Q

How did Jiang Qing censor the media?

A
  • All theatre had to be revolutionary - almost all foreign works banned
  • Only 8 revolutionary opera’s were allowed
51
Q

What did the party gurantee for religion in 1949?

A

religious freedom - they went onto destroy and replace it

52
Q

What were religious shrines replaced with?

A

Pictures of Mao

53
Q

By 1966, what was the Qingming festival replaced by?

A

National Memorial Day - dedicated to those who died during liberation

54
Q

How did the CCP fail to eradicate ancestor worship?

A
  • Some cadres were carrying around holy symbols
  • One director of a commune had a statue of the God of Wealth in his home
55
Q

The Early religious policy

A
  • initially less militant with the more organised religions as they were worried of protest
  • invited representatives of religion to the national political consultative conference to convince them to work with the regime (this was a trick)
56
Q

What were some of Religious Affairs Departments (RAD’s) first policies?

A
  • Formed in Jan 1951, forced out foreign christian missionaries + took over church-run schools that recieved funding from western churches
57
Q

What were protestant leaders pressured into organising for chinese protestant churches to support the regime?

A

Patriotic Church movement - convinced congregations to be loyal to China
- pictures of Mao replaced the Virgin Mary
- Churches could remain open as long as they supported Mao

58
Q

How many protestant missionaries were left in China by April 1952?

A

fewer than 100

59
Q

How did the CCP effect the Catholic Church?

A
  • expelled the representative of the vatican in Nanjing
  • accusations create to rally public against catholicism
  • catholic hospitals charged with using patients like guinea pigs
  • China isolated from west due to Korean War
  • The Red Guard destroyed what was left of churches, statues + symbols during the Cultural Revolution
60
Q

How did the CCP target Islam?

A
  • mosques seized and converted in meeting halls for struggle meetins
  • muslim schools turned into barns
  • Muslims fought back, 1000 killed in a battle in Gansu
  • in response, regime ordered cadres be more respectful of islam
61
Q

Effects of CCP on Islam in Xinjiang?

A
  • compelled Muslim children to leave mosque schools and attend government ones instead
  • marxism, not qur’an was on the curriculum
  • forced to attend ‘thought reform’
  • those who did not comply sent to laogai’s
  • during GLF, worship reduced to prioritise production
  • forced to raise and eat pigs in Cultural Rev + forced to shave beards
62
Q

Conclusion on CCP’s attacks on Islam?

A
  • Muslim identity endured communist rule better than any other group
  • Xingjiang bordered other muslim countries, therefore CCP was too fearful to close mosques + stop festivals
63
Q

Effects of CCP’s attacks on Buddhism?

A
  • far less organised religion and therefore easier to attack
  • in 1949, denounced monks as parasites + ordered to work
  • During ‘Resist America, Aid Korea’, Buddhist Association exhorted members to undergo thought reform
  • temples converted into barracks, prisons + schools for wounded soldiers
  • However Yonghegong temple in Beijing restored for tourists - wanted to keep pretense of religious tolerance
  • Buddhist land reforms redistributed by 1950 Agarian Land Reform
  • Denounced as one of the four olds

History - China (4 decks)

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