social and cultural change Flashcards
1
Q
examples of youth culture of the swinging sixties: protesting
A
- 1968 uni protesting. 2 tory MPs attacked in essex
- grovesnor square marches to us embassy considering vietnam, 200 arrested
- advocation for women’s rights and homosexuality
- vietnam solidarity campaign 1966
- oxford and lse taught teachins on vietnam, summer 1965
2
Q
reactions to vietnam war in britain
A
- grovesnor square marches to us embassy, 200 arrested
- oxford and lse unis taught sit ins about vietnam, summer 1965
- vietnam solidarity campaign 1966
3
Q
examples of youth culture of the swinging sixties: music
A
- 1967 BBC1 for younger listeners
- top of the pops 1964 bbc
- ready steady go! on ITV 1963
- trends in music, dance, attitude and dress
4
Q
examples of youth culture of the swinging sixties: fashion
A
- women wearing trousers, men wearing velvet, satins and coloured fabrics
- money poured into fashion industry because more young people on high salaries
- mid 60s, young people spent over 60% disposable income on clothes
- rise oh hippy culture and colourful clothing
5
Q
examples of youth culture of the swinging sixties: subcultures
A
- skinheads
- bohemian and counter-culture
- Dr martens and mod revolution
- braces
- creation of a niche market
- hippy culture and flower power influenced from usa
6
Q
examples of youth culture of the swinging sixties: sexual revolution
A
- cohabitation more common
- right of choice for women being single mothers
- availability of the contraceptive pill
- expression of protest and liberation
- increase in premarital sex
- same-sex relationships being more common
7
Q
examples of youth culture of the swinging sixties: locations
A
- american tourism to london
- inner suburb growth from young couples in islington and camden, adding to the counter-culture and growth of middle-class bohemianism
- ‘swinging london’ mid 60s, landmarks, boutiques, salons, restaurants and discos
8
Q
examples of youth culture of the swinging sixties: drugs
A
- popular with young middle class
- weed and colourful clothing
- widely available
- alcohol, tobacco and caffeine however still used more than drugs
- psychedelics, believed they heightened physical and mental sensations which allowed new realms of reality
- psychedelics associated with the beatles, many songs based on them
- direct link found between violence and drug consumption
- provided forms of experimentation
9
Q
examples of youth culture of the swinging sixties: tourism
A
- 1960, 1.5m tourists
- mid 60s, 3m annually for fashion, theatre and pop music
- american tourism to london
- in aim to help balance of payments deficit, money poured into resources by lab gov
- 1963 tourist board, offered funding to new hotels
- air travel costs fell
10
Q
when and what was the tourist travel board?
A
- 1963
- offered funding for new hotels
11
Q
what kinds of people joined in on protesting?
A
- section of the labour electorate, posing a problem to wilson in 1965 because of small majority
- students, young activists, old CND supporters, pacifists
- uni campuses saw ‘facist pig’ ‘murderer’
12
Q
which organisation was formed in april 1965?
A
- british council for peace in vietnam
- performed a small scale demonstration outside american embassy in london in autumn of 1965
13
Q
did vietnam attract a new generation of protestors?
A
- no
- was the same groups: old CND advocates, students, pacifists, trade unionists and some radicals
14
Q
did the vietnam protests appeal to the electorate?
A
- no, opinion polls were in opposition however
- working class felt indifferent
15
Q
what actions did john lennon and yoko ono take with vietnam?
A
- sent two acorns to every head of state to plant for peace
16
Q
what happened on 17th march 1968?
A
- 25k march from trafalgar square to american embassy
- fighting between police and demonstrators
- heavy handed police and some demonstrators did however want to fight
17
Q
how do we know that the lab government was concerned about the second vietnam protest?
A
- advised to shut down london’s mainline stations, redirected to air from manchester
- times warned of ‘small army of militant extremists’
18
Q
when was the second vietnam protest?
A
- october 1968
19
Q
what happened in the ‘battle of grosvenor square’?
A
- only a few arrests, not really a ‘battle’
- 30k peacefully walked to listen to hyde park speeches
- smaller, more aggressive group was confronted at the square by a hundred policemen
20
Q
what happened to the vietnam protest movement after 1968?
A
- lost steam
- left-radicals moved on to more salient issues
- vietnam protesting was seen to be trendy
21
Q
when was the ‘battle of grovesnor square’?
A
- 27 october 1968
22
Q
stats for the rise of education in the 1960s
A
- 1962= 216k uni students, 1965 = 310k uni students
- 1/10 young people were attending uni
23
Q
why was lse popular for student protest?
A
- generally brighter and better educated student population
- therefore became more politicised
- Waller Abons appointed, minister in Rhodesia
- many study political sciences
24
Q
who was waller abons?
A
- appointed to LSE, made the uni more politicised as used to be a minister in rhodesia
25
how did students at lse protest compared to others?
- sit ins, marches, parades, carrying placards, banners and flowers
- boycotts
26
what were the press and public reactions to the student protesting?
- hostile
- telegraph said = ‘pretentious adolescents, generally of small intellectual ability’
27
28
how did the protest movements in the uk compare to the rest of the globe?
- paris saw violent rioting
- many saw protesting as pointless, saw exams as more important
- ‘british students were simply not interested in protesting’, shows that the protests were not on a majoritarian scale
29
what was wilson’s majority in the 1964 election?
- 4
30
when did wilson call a second election?
1964
31
describe the change in: television
- 1962 international tv possible through usa satellite communication: telestar
- britain had the largest satellite station in the world - Goonhilly Satelittle Earth Station in cornwall
- tv ownership became more common = 75% in 1961, 91% by 1971
- 1960 Hugh Greene became director of the bbc, new shows like doctor who
- bbc 2 in colour 1967
32
describe the change in: radio
- car radios invented
- commercial radio started
- non-licensed ‘pirate’ radios: radio caroline and radio luxembourg
- offshore broadcasting banned 1967 but continued
- bbc radio 1 attracted younger listeners
33
34
describe the change in: aerospace
- space race: 1961 Yuri Gagarin (USSR) first man to orbit the earth, Neil Armstrong first man on the moon 1969
- jet travel: became commercial, jetliner into international selling in 1952
- rise in leisure due to prices falling, holiday availability, long-range flights more common
- comet (jetliner) very influential
35
describe the change in: chemicals
- imperial chemical industries (ICI) gb’s chemical giant
- produced perspex, crimplene and lycra
- break through in drugs that treated malaria, heart disease and cancers
- some anaesthetics, disinfectants and pesticides
36
how much was GB spending in comparison to other counties on research and development in 1960? (as a percentage of GDP)
- usa = 3%
- ussr = 3%
- uk 2.3%
- west germany 1.5%
- france 1.5%
37
describe the change in: atomic energy
- lab made britain a nuclear power 1947
- 1954 technology adapted for civilian use, not just military
- first atomic bomb detonation 1952
- hydrogen bomb 1957
- UK AEA (UK Atomic Energy Authority) oversaw policy for civilian and defense use of atomic energy
- 20 tests by 1958
38
describe the change in: transport
- first M1 stretch opened 1959
- british transport commission led by Dr Richard Beeching
- rise in environmentalism hindered road building
- 11.8m cars owned 1965
39
what did the british transport commission conclude on spending cuts?
- 1963
- cuts reduced the total length of railways from 13k to 9k
- no integrated plan to solve this meant progress and progression was halting
40
how many cars were owned in 1965?
11.8m
41
when was the first atomic bomb detonation?
1952
42
how many atomic tests had been done by 1958?
20
43
how many radio stations were there by the start of the 60s?
three
44
impact of development in: radio
- could listen on the go
- young people were able to develop tastes independent of their parents
- pirate radios broadened the music people could listen to as main radio stations were restricted in what they could play
45
impact of development in: tv
- began replacing cinemas
- commercial TV brought advertising in the home = ITV
- doctor who explored new scientific age ideas
- DIY and gardening encouraged by TV programmes - gardeners world
- controversial social issues shown through things like the wednesday play
46
impact of development in: aerospace
- accessibility to holidaying for average british families
- space race continued in contributing to the british economy
47
stat for accessibility of holidaying through the advancements in aerospace
- for the middle classes
- 1970, 8% all holidays abroad
48
impact of development in: chemicals
- helped improve general living standards
- helped fight disease
- thalidomide scandal
- allowed cheap fashion for the young
49
impact of development in: atomic energy
- helped space race/keep britain up with the ussr and usa
- did affect environment around nuclear plants (housing)
- increase of CND movement/counter-culture protesting
50
impact of development in: transport
- intercommunications in britain improved
- investment into road building
- many rural areas found themselves without railways due to the spending cuts from the benching report
- internal holiday increase = butlins
51
when was itv launched?
1955
52
who owns the sun?
murdock
53
when does murdock buy the sun? what influence does this have?
- 1969
- becomes more affiliated with the right than the left
54
how many adults read newspapers?
2/3
55
tv ownership stats
1961 = 75% own a tv
1971 = 91%
56
when was BBC2 launched?
april 1964
57
how did the leisure industry change?
- package holidays grew from under 4% of total holidays in 1966 to 8.4% in 1971
- cars accounted for 77% of all journeys by 1974 (up from 39% in 1954)
- 1951-1961 holidays abroad double from 2m to 4m, 7m by 1971
- fewer expected to work saturday mornings and weekends, the norm becomes having 2 weeks a year off work
- shopping becomes a leisure activity as consumerism increases
58
examples of continuity of the female experience in second wave feminism
- childcare non-existent still, rise of double shifts
- second wave aimed at middle class women
- ingrained prejudice remained from both men and women
- most change happened through legislation rather than a change in public opinion (family planning, matrimonial property, equal pay acts)
- only 5% women reached managerial positions
- could not have credit/bank accounts in their name until 1975
- domestication was the main remaining role of women
59
examples of evolution in the female experience in second wave feminism
- equal pay act 1970, however took 5 years to come into force
- rise in feminist literature (female eunuch, women: the longest revolution, feminine mystique)
- women’s organisations set up in cause of rights improvement
- wednesday play featured controversial female topics, raising awareness
60
stats for women in higher education
- 29% 1929, 39% 1970
61
what did second wave feminism focus on?
on the legal, economic and social rights of women
- priorities included reproductive rights, financial independence, workplace equality and domestic violence
62
63
examples of female literature
- feminine mystique 1963, betty frieden
- women: the longest revolution, 1966 by juliet mitchell
- the female eunuch: germaine greer 1970
64
where are there examples of female protesting?
- rally led to women’s national coordination committee being set up 1969
- dagenham strikes at ford - women on the sewing machines strike for equal pay in 1968
65
similarities in the female experience
- female effort in the workplace during the war, postwar they were excluded from jobs
- children were a large priority and deeply cared about how much attention they recieved
- hard/not easy to find suitable childcare
66
factors that shape a woman’s decision to work
- boredom, want interests/something to do
- want own individual income/freedoms
- want to provide for own family and give more opportunities to the children
67
permissive society
- describes sexual liberation, changes in public and private morals
- new openness to previously taboo subjects
- used negatively to sum up a decline in moral standards
68
what were people concerned about when using permissive society negatively?
- perceived sexual immorality
- lowering of standards in the media
- decline of deference
69
what was the lady chatterly case? when was it?
- 1960
- a reaction to obscene publications act 1959
- penguin wanted to test the act
- publicised 1928 ‘lady chatterley’s lover’
- included swear words and explicit depictions of sex
- case ruled not guilty and penguin pledged it was in the interest of literature and art
70
what and when was the obscene publications act?
- 1959
- contained a clause that excluded prosecution for obscene works that were in the interest of science, literature, art or learning
71
details of the theatre act 1968
- ended censorship in theatres
- some that couldn’t premier performed but as ‘dress rehearsals’
72
example of the use of the theatres act 1968
- edward bond’s ‘saved’
- a scene was requested to be removed (a baby was stoned to death)
- ‘early morning’ banned outright in 1967 (lesbian lovers, conjoined twin princes, cannibalism)
73
why did the theatres act 1968 get introduced?
- after ‘early morning’ and ‘saved’, pressure to abolish censorship
- george strauss (lab backbencher) introduced it, passed with support of roy jenkins
74
detail of television in the eyes of permissive society
- liberalisation of TV broadcasting (wednesday play, coronation street)
- mary whitehouse started a moral crusade ‘tide against immorality’
75
what did the wednesday play and coronation street involve that wasn’t seen before?
- wednesday play involved abortion
- coronation street involved divorce and affairs
76
who was mary whitehouse?
- led a ‘moral crusade’
- against legalisation of censorship of tv
- socially conservative
- targeted Hugh Greene, director general of the BBC
- set up the ‘clean up TV’ campaign, ‘national viewers and listeners association’ 1965
77
what did mary whitehouse set up?
- ‘clean up tv’ campaign
- national viewers and listeners association 1965
78
how much impact did mary whitehouse have?
- gained some public support but had no gov impact
79
detail of the perception of lowering of sexual morality
- increase in the contraceptive pill usage caused some moral panic
- church was hostile towards the pill ‘sinful’
- teen magazines promoted permissive ideas
- STDs on the rise, legal abortion rates rose
- divorce rates rose
80
81
why did STD rates rise?
decrease in condom use
82
stats for abortion rates
- 35k 1968
- 141k 1975
83
stats for divorce rates
- 2 in 1,000 marriages ended in divorce 1950
- 10 in 1,000 marriages ended in divorce 1970
84
detail of drug culture
(permissive society)
- cocaine and heroine addictions became ten times more prevalent in early 1960s
- beatles accused of glamourising drug culture
- wootton report 1968
85
what and when was the dangerous drugs act?
- 1967
- unlawful to possess cannabis and cocaine
86
what and when was the wootton report?
- challenged prevailing attitudes towards cannabis
- wanted decriminalisation for personal usage
- wanted a distinction between cannabis and harder drugs and reduced sentences for weed offences
