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social Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology

A

the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

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2
Q

why are we social species?

A
  • our survival depends on it

- we behave very differently when we are in groups vs when alone

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3
Q

social cognition

A

the specific area within social psychology that explores how people select, interrupt, remember, and use social information

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4
Q

person perception

A
  • the processes by which an individual uses social stimuli to form impressions of others
    ex. what makes you like someone? what makes you trust them?
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5
Q

stereotypes

A
  • generalizations about a groups characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to the next
  • some positive, some neg.
  • can be anything about a group
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6
Q

Stereotypes in some ways are an extensions of what?

A
  • our normal cognitive tendencies to make quick decisions -the heuristics
  • they are sometimes wrong, even though they might be useful in some situations
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7
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the expectations are realized
-stereotypes have an important effect on people

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8
Q

attributions

A

-not just making judgements about people but also what determines their actions

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9
Q

attributional theory

A

the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of that behavior

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10
Q

3 dimensions of attributions

A
  • internal vs external
  • stable vs unstable
  • controllable vs uncontrollable
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11
Q

internal vs external causes

A

-due to something about the person themselves (internal), or something about the environment (external)

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12
Q

stable vs unstable causes

A

-due to a cause that is fairly permanent, or just a fluke or chance happening

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13
Q

controllable vs uncontrollable causes

A

the cause of what happened something that can be controlled, or something that is uncontrollable

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14
Q

the (not so) fundamental attribution error (FAE)

A

general tendency of people to make attributions that emphasize the role of the person (internal) rather than the role of the situation (external)
-only western cultures seem to do this. Collectivist cultures, the opposite is true

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15
Q

self- serving biases

A
  • when we make attributions about ourselves
  • when we consider ourselves, theres tendency to give ourselves credit for successes (internal attributions)
  • but when we fail we tend to attribute that to the situation (external attribution)
  • ex. i win because I’m amazing. I lost because the game was fixed
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16
Q

we also assume that other think the way WE do

A

true

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17
Q

the false consensus effect

A

people tend to overestimate the degree to which people think or act the way that we do

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18
Q

attitudes

A

an individuals opinion and belief about people, objects, and ideas
-peoples behavior is not well predicted by their attitudes (often act in a way that contradicts what we belied)

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19
Q

when are we more likely to act in accordance with our beliefs?

A

-when our attitudes are strongly held, when we’re really aware of the current influence of our attitudes or when we have vested interest in it

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20
Q

cognitive dissonance

A
  • this is an individuals discomfort that is caused by an inconsistency between our beliefs and actions
    ex. when we say one thing and do another
  • when this is experience one or the other tends to change
    ex. sometimes we will even change our attitudes to fit our actions
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21
Q

persuasion

A

you want to change someone else attitude, how could you?

elaboration likelihood model

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22
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

one can use either a central or peripheral route to changing attitudes
-central vs peripheral

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23
Q

central

A

works best when the other person is motivated and paying attention (a formal debate on a topic)

24
Q

peripheral

A

works best when the other person isn’t as invested or paying attention (many commercials, cool attractive people buy apple products)

25
Q

persuasion techniques

A
  • foot in the door approach

- door in the face approach

26
Q

foot in the door approach

A

-asking for something small of a person gets them to start acquiescing to requests. they then become more likely to agree to subsequent larger requests

27
Q

door in the face approach

A

an initial request for something very large can sometimes lead another person to agree to a subsequent smaller request

28
Q

social behavior

A
  • altruism

- egoism

29
Q

altruism

A

giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it comes as a cost to the self.

30
Q

egoism

A

giving to another person in order to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, to present one’s self well; or avoid the dissonance of living up to one’s values

31
Q

helping behavior

A
  • often don’t help others , even when we experience a sense of empathy for a person in need
  • seems to happen in particular due to a sense of diffusion of responsibility
32
Q

bystander effect

A

the tendency to help other people in an emergency decreases when there are other people present (as opposed to when you’re alone)
In other words, you are less likely to assist someone in need if there are other people who could help.

33
Q

helping behavior-diffusion of responsibility

A

This is the phenomena where you are less likely to take responsibility for something when others are present.

  • THEY could have helped, so it’s not my responsibility
  • This is also true, though, for when we should stop engaging in a particular behavior, as we will discuss next class.
34
Q

close relationships

A

These include, but are not limited to, romantic relationships.
-Much of this area focuses on the formation of friendships, how families interact, and yes, dating and marriage
(as well as divorce and breakup)

35
Q

science on attractive faces

A

highly average faces are actually seen as most attractive

36
Q

attraction

A

-seem to become more attracted to things that we experience most

37
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the phenomenon where the more we see someone (or something), the more probable it is that we will develop a liking of that person (or thing)
EVEN IF we didn’t realize that we had seen them/it before

38
Q

love- 2 kinds

A
  • romantic/passionate love
  • affectionate love/companionate love
  • other kinds-love expirenced by close platonic friends, self-love, love of strangers, etc.
39
Q

romantic love/passionate love

A

strong components of sexuality and infatuation. Dominates the early part of relationships.

40
Q

affectionate love/ companionate love

A

characterized by a deep, caring affection for another person, and wanting to have them near.

41
Q

conformity viewed…

A
  • often viewed negatively in western cultures, more valued in eastern
  • though our society explicitly values non-conformity, we actually implicitly value it (difference between what we say versus what we really do)
42
Q

conformity

A

the change in a persons behavior to coincide with a group standard

43
Q

2 different opposites that both get called non-conformity

A
  • -rowing your own canoe and doing whatever you want without any concern about what other people are doing
  • purposely going against the norm for the purpose of opposing it. this still involves letting the norm influence your behavior just in the opposite direction
44
Q

study by Soloman Asch

A
  • group participated together to ask questions about comparisons. answers given out loud
  • only one “subject” rest were confederates
  • after a few trials, confederates started to give the wrong answer, true subject was last to answer, confeds. all agreed on the same wrong answer
  • subject started giving same wrong answer as confederates
  • knew answer was wrong but didn’t want to disagree
45
Q

two explanations for conformity

A
  • informational social influence: We want to be correct. If other people seem to know what they are doing, … do what they do.
  • normative social influence: We conform because we want other people to like us. Do something different or give a different answer, and implicitly you are saying that the other people are wrong.
46
Q

obedience

A

behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority

47
Q

stanford prison experiment

A
  • 24 male college students, regular guys
  • randomly assigned to prisoner or guard
  • epirement had to end after 6 days due to brutality of treatment
48
Q

group influences

A

how do people behave differently in groups than they do when alone? deindivualilzation

49
Q

Deindividualization

A

the reduction is personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when in a group.
Many people would never do the kind of destructive things individually that they do when they’re in a group.
“The group did it; not me”

50
Q

social contagion

A

imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas
We seem particularly prone to imitate the behavior of others.
This can be good or bad, of course, depending on the behavior

51
Q

group influences (performance)

A
  • social facilitation: when you improve in your performance because of the presence of others
    e. g., sports in front of a crowd
  • social loafing: when working on a team without individual accountability for your performance, your performance decreases
    e. g., tug-of-war competitions
  • depends on whether that individual performance is observable
52
Q

group influences (decision making)

A

-risky shift: the tendency of decisions made by groups to be riskier than the average decision of the group members
Groups seem to get “pulled” in the direction of risk

53
Q

group polarization effect

A

Individuals are also influenced by group discussions. Individual opinions tend to become more polarized.
-After discussions within groups, individuals become more polarized in their opinions than they were before the group influence

54
Q

groupthink

A

impaired decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

55
Q

prejudice

A
  • The unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individuals’ membership in a group.
  • Discrimination is the unfair behavior of an individual based on that prejudice
56
Q

racism

A
  • explicit racism- conscious racism, that people will openly share
  • implicit racism:attitudes that an individual might not themselves even be aware of.
  • This implicit / explicit distinction can also be applied to other forms of discrimination. E.g., sexism, religious intolerance
57
Q

social interaction and intolerance

A
  • Groups that are separated, especially if a competitive situation is present, tend to develop more negative views of each other.
  • But bringing people together in a cooperative environment tends to counteract negative views.

psych final exam (4 decks)

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