SOCIAL 5

Question 1

Stereotype

Answer 1

Beliefs about typical behaviors and characteristics of a certain group or category of people or things. they can be true or false

Stereotypes are simply generalizations about members of social groups (including many related to social roles/schemas)

Question 2

Prejudice

Answer 2

Attitudes - both good and bad – about people or things that belong to a certain group or category. They can be positive or negative. They usually come
from stereotypes

Question 3

Discrimination

Answer 3

Behaviors – positive and negative – that are influenced by
prejudice towards a certain group or category. They can be positive (privileging) or negative (discriminating). They usually come from prejudice.

Question 4

Can you have stereotypes, and not prejudices or discriminations?

Answer 4

You can have some of these without the others!

Question 5

Generalization

Answer 5

An inference that a particular phenomenon will share

properties or traits with the broader category to which it belongs.

Question 6

Why are stereotypes useful?

Answer 6

1. Save up time, memory, and attention
2. Save us having to learn everything over and over again.
3. Help us instantly identify which things to approach and which to avoid

Question 7

Why are stereotypes bad?

Answer 7

Inaccurate, self-perpetuating and to easy to develop.

Question 8

Where do problems with stereotypes most often stem from ?

Answer 8

Biased sampling: Based on observed evidences and most likely remembered if it was extremely positive or negative.

Small samples: we make generalizations even after just a few experiences, failing to account for variability amongst social groups. FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR

Outgroup biases: we don’t question negative stereotypes about an outgroup, we are more likely to not question about in-group ones.

Question 9

Example of stereotypes are inaccurate “sharks”

Answer 9

Sharks frequently attack people

Question 10

Confirmation bias

Answer 10

The tendency for people to seek out and notice evidence

that agrees with their beliefs, desires, and stereotypes.

Question 11

What are the two sources of confirmation bias?

Answer 11

1. Positive hypothesis testing: the tendency to only seek out evidence in favor of what you believe, as opposed to evidence that might falsify it.
2. Distrust of alternatives: the tendency to come up with various reasons to not believe evidence against your current views, even when it is not provided to you.

Question 12

The rule discovery task

Answer 12

Confirmation bias
Seek out evidence that agrees with our beliefs.
The vast majority of participants test triplets that align with their first hypothesis
Fail to note a simpler rule
“numbers increase in sequence”

Question 13

How do stereotypes cause harm?

Answer 13

1. Implicit prejudice

2. Stereotype threat

Question 14

Implicit prejudice

Answer 14

negative feelings and or beliefs about a group that people hold without being aware. It can lead to overt discrimination.

Explicit display of unequal treatment given to a certain individual or group because of a particular characteristic they possess

Question 15

Stereotype Threat

Answer 15

The phenomenon whereby when people are reminded of a stereotype that applies to them, they perform consistent with the stereotype.

Question 16

Implicit Associations Test (IAT)

Answer 16

A psychological test that measures the degree of implicit and automatic stereotyping

Question 17

What is the process of the IAT?

Answer 17

Classify faces and objects between Caucasian or African, weapon or non-weapon.

Stereotype match condition
Press one button for Caucasian and non-weapon and another one for African and weapon.

Stereotype Mismatch condition
Switch. Press one button for Caucasian and weapon and another one for African and non-weapon.

Question 18

How do people with strong implicit stereotypes do on the IAT?

Answer 18

People with strong implicit stereotypes are much faster on the stereotype match condition compared to stereotype mismatch.

Question 19

What does IAT show?

Answer 19

1. Explicit discrimination: People who display more overt racist attitudes also show higher scores on the IAT.
2. Implicit discrimination: people who do not show overt racist attitudes show moderate scores on the IAT, suggesting we carry implicit stereotypes.
3. Primary target groups: implicit stereotypes are strong for ethnic minorities.
4. Self-stereotyping: Members of these groups also get moderate scores on the IAT, even for their own group, suggesting that everyone carries similar implicit stereotypes.

Question 20

Resume/ CV study

Answer 20

Evaluate competency and propose a starting salary

African-American and Caucasian names with same resume.

Even with identical resumes, candidates with typically Black names were judged as less
competent and deserving lower wage.

Question 21

How can we minimize out fundamental attribution errors?

Answer 21

1. Be aware of your biases: (DECATEGORIZATION) if we are aware that we are making a FAE to an entire group, we can reflect on this and decide to apply it to situation or specific person.
2. Self-affirmation: people are substantially less likely to prejudice of others when their own identity and self-worth are secure.

Question 22

Implicit Bias training

Answer 22

An increasingly popular workplace training aimed at helping individuals recognize implicit bias and find ways to overtly counteract it through policy changes and self monitoring.

Reduces implicit prejudice
Little evidence that it actually changes behaviors

Question 23

Contact Hypothesis

Answer 23

Prejudice is reduced when we interact and cooperate with people from groups different than our own, including through shared goal and social support

Question 24

Contact changes the way we think about out-groups

Answer 24

1. Empathy: build empathy towards them as we realize they are human.
2. Education: learn about the actual causes of their behaviors, and correcting our stereotypes.
3. Reduce outgroup homogeneity: teaches about diversity.
4. Crossed categorization: we realize that people are in overlapping groups.