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Social Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Classic/Traditional (Psychological Social Psychology)

A

‘the scientific investigation of how the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others’

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2
Q

Describe the key terms associated with Describe Classic/Traditional Psychological Social Psychology

A

Individualism, universalism and transhistorical

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3
Q

Describe the methods found in Describe Classic/Traditional Psychological Social Psychology

A

Experimental methods / Psychometrics

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4
Q

Describe Critical/Contemporary (Sociological Social Psychology)

A

A concern with the processes by which human abilities, experiences, commonsense and scientific knowledge are both produced in, and reproduce, human communities

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5
Q

Describe the key terms associated with Critical/Contemporary (Sociological Social Psychology)

A

Meanings in context; socially situated

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6
Q

Describe the methods found in Critical/Contemporary (Sociological Social Psychology)

A

Wide range of methodologies

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7
Q

A simple divison between SSP and PSP is..

A

SSP focuses on society, PSP on individuals

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8
Q

The first stage in Allport’s Group Mind Theory is _ and describes _.

A

Loss of individual identity through anonymity.

It describes

  • Forgetting normal values, standards, reasoning and judgement
  • Submergence to “primitive or racial unconscious”; primitive beings
  • That disorder and crowds is pathological
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9
Q

The second stage in Allport’s Group Mind Theory is _ and describes _.

A

Suggestibility.

It describes a mindlessness, where you can’t resist things you would ordinarily.

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10
Q

The third stage in Allport’s Group Mind Theory is _ and describes _.

A

Contagion.

It describes that ideas are spread through crowds, and that crowds are violent and unpredictable.

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11
Q

Deindividuation describes what and why does it occur?

A

When “people are more free from restraints, less inhibited and able to indulge in forms of behaviour in which, when alone, they would not behave” (Zimbardo)

This is due to group size and anonymity

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12
Q

Allport’s theory related to _.

A

Individualism

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13
Q

Did Allport reject or agree with Le Bon’s group mind theory?

A

He rejected it completely

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14
Q

Allport (1924) said the individual in the crowd is the same as the individual alone only …

A

more so

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15
Q

Allport’s theory was a combination of _ and _ theory.

A

Instinct and learning

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16
Q

A rhyming phrase that could describe Allport’s theory is..

A

The bad leading the mad

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17
Q

Describe Allport’s theory

A
  • Enduring response tendencies from conditioning histories
  • Accentuation when “energy” is applied - Social Facilitation
  • Retains the idea of primitive crowds and de-socialised understanding of identity
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18
Q

How does Social Identity Theory feel about Allport and Le Bon’s Group Mind theory?

A

It challenges them both

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19
Q

How does Social Identity Theory (SIT) feel about the view of crowds as irrational and pathological?

A

It feels this is a misrepresentation

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20
Q

How does Social Identity Theory (SIT) feel about the view that crowds require anonymity or a loss of identity?

A

It rejects this

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21
Q

How does Social Identity Theory (SIT) feel about the view that crowd behaviour is the result of a loss of values and standards?

A

It rejects this

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22
Q

What does Tajfel mean by “more social social psychology”?

A

Argues to “match” level of explanation with the level of the phenomenon

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23
Q

According to Social Identity Theory, the self is _

A

Context dependant.

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24
Q

What is self definition according to Social Identity Theory (SIT)?

A

Different bases of self-definition have consequences for motivation, behaviour and interaction

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25
Q

Describe the first stage of Social Identity Theory (SIT)?

A
  1. Social Categorisation
    Individuals’ cognitive apparatus automatically divides and categorises = categorical differentiation
    Accentuation
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26
Q

Describe the second stage of Social Identity Theory (SIT)?

A
  1. Social Identification
    Tajfel (1979): “’the individual’s knowledge that he [or she] belongs to certain social groups together with some emotional and value significance to him [or her] of
    this group membership” (p. 292)
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27
Q

Describe the third stage of Social Identity Theory (SIT)?

A
  1. Social Comparison

Compare our own group against others along some dimension - positive distinctiveness

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28
Q

Those in the St. Paul’s riots described themselves in terms of..

A

shared social identities = salience

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29
Q

Was there contagion in the St. Paul’s riots according to the participants?

A

No, because they share a common social identity that specifies what counts as normative conduct

30
Q

Describe Social Facilitation

A

Enduring response tendencies from conditioning histories suffer accentuation when “energy” is applied

31
Q

The Elaborated Social Identity Model (ESIM) was proposed by and has _ central mechanisms

A

Reicher, two

32
Q

The two central mechanisms to ESIM are _ and _

A

Social Identity and Context

33
Q

According to ESIM, Social Identity and Context are…

A

Different moments in time: One group’s identity forms context for other groups over time, and vice versa.

34
Q

According to ESIM, consequences are …

A

Often unintended and unanticipated

35
Q

According to ESIM, identity change is..

A

A function of changed context brought about by the consequences of actions (own and others)

36
Q

Social Identity as described by ESIM refers to..?

A

A representation of one’s position in a set of categorical social relations, along with the possible and proper actions that flow from that position

37
Q

What is self-categorisation theory?

A

Talks about self-categorisations rather than group memberships.

38
Q

Describe the three categories of self-categorisation theory?

A
  • Personal identity (the self as an individual),
  • Social identity (the self as a group members),
  • Interspecies (the self as a human being).

Different self-categorisations become SALIENT (“switched on”) in different social situations/contexts

39
Q

Positive distinctiveness is..

A

We compare our own group against others along some dimension

40
Q

Attribution can be described as ..

A

How we define our social word. E.g. your neighbour is arrested - what do you think?

41
Q

Describe Heider’s “naive scientist” theory

A

We all use cause and effect thinking to understand our word. Naïve Scientists = rationally and logically test our hypotheses about the behaviour of others. Triangles

being mean to circles!

42
Q

Describe two forms of attribution

A
  • Dispositional attributions (Internal attributions)
    personality, ability etc
  • Situational attributions (External attributions)
    context, social pressure etc.
43
Q

Describe the first stage of Kelley’s (1967) covariation model

A
  1. Consistency information

Does the behaviour always covary with the stimulus?

44
Q

Describe the second stage of Kelley’s (1967) covariation model

A
  1. Distinctiveness information

Does the behaviour only occur with stimulus x or with a number of stimuli?

45
Q

Describe the third stage of Kelley’s (1967) covariation model

Describe the third stage of Kelley’s (1967) covariation model

A
  1. Consensus information

Does everyone else react in the same way to the stimulus?

46
Q

Describe fundamental attribution bias

A

The tendency for attributers to underestimate the impact of situational factors and to overestimate the role of dispositional factors in controlling behaviour.

47
Q

Describe self serving bias

A

Our own successes are internal and failures external ; protecting and maintaining self-esteem

48
Q

SSP considers social cognitive attribution _ and _

A

Too reductionist and too individualist.

49
Q

What is integroup attribution?

A

How group members make attributions for their own and/or others behaviour on the basis of their membership of groups. (poor white man = society’s fault, poor black

man, his fault)

50
Q

Discursive psychology represents a _ model of attribution.

A

Non-cognitive.

51
Q

Who developed the authoritarian personality?

A

Adorno

52
Q

Name two criticisms of Adorno’s authoritarian personality theory

A

Individualistic focus so difficulty in explaining collective cultural shifts (e.g. Nazism) and cultural differences and historical shifts in racism
NF members showed low authoritarian scores

53
Q

How does Social Identity Approach explain racism?

A
  • A result of cognitive processes (social categorisation and comparison) favouring in-group.
  • Perceived competition with out-group
  • Exaggerating between-group diffferences & within-group similarities (e.g.Tajfel & Wilkes, 1963)
54
Q

The social identity approach to racism can be criticised because..

A

It assumes racism/stereotyping is inevitable

55
Q

A critical approach to racism..

A
  • Racism NOT explained in terms of the individual (attitudes, personality, cognitions)
  • Focus instead on culturally-specific and contextually-located discursive constructions of ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’ and on how these can produce racist effects.
56
Q

Critical psychology has called race a “necessary fiction” because?

A

“… the term ‘black’ was coined as a way of referencing the common experience of racism and marginalization in Britain and came to provide the organizing category of

a new politics of resistance, amongst groups and communities with, in fact, very different histories, traditions and ethnic identities.”

57
Q

Name three critical psychology approaches

A
  • Social Constructionist / Postmodernist
  • Feminist
  • Marxist / neo-Marxist
58
Q

The crisis in social psychology involved..

A
  • Voices against experimentalist view
  • Deception of ppts; reductive and irrelevant findings
  • Objection to individualism
59
Q

The values of critical psychology include..

A

social justice; self-determination and participation; caring and compassion; health; and human diversity

60
Q

Marxism in critical psychology asks..

A

Who benefits? (Cui bono)

61
Q

Marxist ideology suggests..

A

dominant ideas of any epoch are those of the ruling class

62
Q

A Marxist view says psychology is _ rather than _

A

ideological rather than scientific

63
Q

How does the Marxist approach feel about differences?

A

Some people are different, though not abnormal or sick.
All people are different depending on your measure.
We all differ from some others in some regard.

64
Q

Modern gender research treats gender as a consequence of _ and a _ topic

A

A consequence of biology and a token topic

65
Q

What are they effects of focusing on gender differences?

A

Focus on differences homogenises ‘women’ (and ‘men’) and marginalizes other aspects of identity and experience

66
Q

Studying gender differences assumes..?

A

Assumes a ‘neutral’ value-free, objective truth about gender is possible

67
Q

Feminist approaches explain that differences..

A

can be understood in terms of ‘internal’ psychological characteristics

68
Q

Feminist approaches say Western cultural theory and mainstream psychological perspectives on gender..

A

Often allow observation only that ‘femininity’ or ‘masculinity’ are unitary, stable, universal and relatively homogeneous – that it makes sense talk about ‘what women

are like’ or ‘what men are like’

69
Q

A critical feminst approach might look at _ ways of studying gender

A

Discursive

70
Q

How does a critical feminsit approach describe and explain gender?

A

Socio-historically situated, Gender constructions as multiple, shifting, contradictory Gender not guaranteed by (sexed) body

Theoretical and Social Psychology (2 decks)

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