SOCI Final (2nd half of class)

Question 1

Social Stratification (SS)

Answer 1

How a society ranks categories of people into a hierarchy

Question 2

How does SS affect peoples life chances (1)

Answer 2

Access to important resources (food, shelter, education, employment)

Question 3

It takes about 2 generations for a low-income family to reach the average income of OECD nations

Answer 3

False
- its takes about 4-5 generations

Question 4

Principle features of SS (3)

Answer 4

1. Persists over generations
2. It’s universal but variable
   - the amount, type, definition, practice of and reason for inequality varies from society to society
3. SS involves inequality & beliefs

Question 5

Social Mobility

Answer 5

Change in position within social hierarchy

Question 6

Social mobility is only used when referring to some one’s social status being elevated

Answer 6

False
- it can refer to up, down and horizontal movement in a hierarchy

Question 7

Only industrialized socities show signs of stratification

Answer 7

False
- all socities and groups are stratified

Question 8

Ethnicity is a fully ascribed trait

Answer 8

False
- its not totally fixed, depends on where ur born

Question 9

Talent can be either an ascribed or achieved trait

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Characteristics of an open Society (3)

Answer 10

1. Meritocracy (if you work hard enough you can move up)
   - but still a mix of ascribed and achieved traits
2. Stratification based on work type prestige
3. Blurring the lines of class distinction (particularly middle class)

Question 11

Why did meritocracy develop as a result of industrialization?

Answer 11

industrial societies need to develop broad range of abilities and knowledge (specialization - people choosing what they want to contribute) - no set roles (a job will be performed by those who are best for it)

Question 12

Why is meritocracy a slay (2)

Answer 12

1. People have greater independence and choice over their lives (career, spouse etc)
2. It promotes productivity and efficiency (working hard to achieve what you want)

Question 13

Why would a pure meritocracy be a no slay (4)

Answer 13

1. Ongoing social mobility would blur social categories
2. Dissociating of social groups
3. If there was no competition/concept of winners/losers and its accompanying rewards/consequences, highly specialized professions like surgery would be chaos
4. Industrial societies esp need to keep some element of caste to maintain order and social unity

Question 13

d

Question 14

Industrialized societies rely more on prestige (in work types) than other societies

Answer 14

True
- Industrialized societies are meritocratic so status is partly based on your effort and talent

Question 15

Why is stratified society a good thing for society? (3)

Answer 15

1. Incentivises us to do things (to be rewarded)
2. Upholds meaning + order
3. Competition (winners + losers)

Question 16

The greater possibility of social mobility means greater probability as well

Answer 16

false

Question 17

Davis-Moore Thesis (Functionalist analysis of SS)

Answer 17

Social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of a society

Question 18

Karl Marx on SS

Answer 18

Says SS is problematic
Goes off on capitalism as per usual
- Capitalist society reproduces the class structure in each new generation
- Capitalism makes owners richer

Question 19

Characteristics of a Closed society/Caste System (4)

Answer 19

1. Stratification based on ascribed traits
   
   • Wastes human potential - individualism not present
2. Stratification based on cultural beliefs (ie. India’s based on Hindu moral duties)
3. Demands endogamous marriage
   - keeping people with their “own kind”
4. Pretty much impossible to move up or down class ladder

Question 20

Caste systems are unstable and messy structures

Answer 20

False
- they are stable and orderly

Question 21

Why are caste/closed society systems found in agrarian societies? (3)

Answer 21

1. Agriculture demands lifelong routine of hard work (discipline and willingness to keep same jobs as parents)
2. People in rural areas have less choices for work and spouses
3. Farming is open to everyone (don’t need to be highly skilled/trained)

Question 22

India’s caste system is still practiced, but only in rural areas

Answer 22

True
- outlawed formally 70 years ago

Question 23

4 major castes in India

Answer 23

Each have hundreds of jatis/sub caste groups
1. Brahmin
2. Kshatriya
3. Vaishya
4. Sudra

Question 24

Name of South African caste

Answer 24

Apartheid - racial separation instituded by whites

Question 25

Apartheid legacy (3)

Answer 25

In South Africa: 1. 1/7 people live on less than $2/day 2. 30% unemployment rate for adults 3. Economy still dominated by whites

Question 26

How does ascription shape peoples lives (4)

Answer 26

1. Generations of a family in a particular caste will do the same work 2. Marriage partners are determined by the respective families 3. Everyday life is structured such that there is no ‘mixing’ (stay on rung) 4. Legitimacy is founded on deep cultural norms/beliefs (ideology)

Question 27

Caste system definition

Answer 27

Social stratification based on ascription/birth

Question 28

Class system definition

Answer 28

Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement

Question 29

The richest 20% of the global population has 95% of global income

Answer 29

false - Richest 20% of global population have 67% of global income

Question 30

Poorest 20% have 2% of global income

Answer 30

true

Question 31

Why is the first, second, third world labelling system not useful today? (2)

Answer 31

1. it was product of cold war politics - Capitalist west (first world) vs socialist east (second) & third on sidelines - Now Distinctive 2nd world doesn’t exist 2. it lumps more than 100 countries into "third world"

Question 32

What is a better way to group countries together (that isn't 1st, 2nd, 3rd world terminology)? Why?

Answer 32

Talk about countries in terms of income 1. High income countries 2. Middle-income countries 3. Low-income countries - This system focusses on economic development (more relevant today) rather than political structure

Question 33

High income countries

Answer 33

nations with highest overall standards of living

Question 34

Middle-income countries

Answer 34

nations with about average standard of living

Question 35

Low-income countries

Answer 35

nations with a low standard of living, most are poor

Question 36

Nations where industrial revolution have more than 2 centuries ago are generally less productive now because of how much time has lapsed since.

Answer 36

False - Nations where industrial revolution happened >2 centuries ago, productivity went 100x - ie. Japan: more economically productive than entire African continent S of Sahara

Question 37

Poor in NA are generally economically better off than half the world

Answer 37

true

Question 38

Middle-income countries make up most of the land in the world

Answer 38

False - High-income countries make up the largest % of land in the world

Question 39

Low income countries make up most of the worlds population

Answer 39

False - Middle income countries make up the largest % of the worlds population Note: high population density in low income countries

Question 40

Why are rich nations so productive? (2)

Answer 40

1. Advanced technology 2. Control of the global economy

Question 41

Many of todays middle-income countries' economies are socialist

Answer 41

False - many used to have socialist economies - now more are free-market systems (capitalism)

Question 42

Most low-income countries are agrarian with some industry

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Though it is invisibilised, poverty is more severe in rich countries

Answer 43

false - poverty more severe in poor countries

Question 44

Canadians have the highest quality of life (based on income, education, longevity)

Answer 44

False - this title belongs to Norwegians

Question 45

1/10 children in low income countries don't make it to age 5

Answer 45

True ;(

Question 46

Poverty is greatest in Sub sahara

Answer 46

True

Question 47

All 12 nations with the highest rates of infant mortality are in Asia

Answer 47

False - in Africa

Question 48

Children in Poverty (4)

Answer 48

1. High disease risk 2. High pregnancy risk (for girls) 3. High violence risk 4. Miss out on school (have to provide income for family)

Question 49

Males under the age of 12 make up the majority of sweatshop workers

Answer 49

False - Women make up majority of sweatshop workers

Question 50

Women in poverty (2)

Answer 50

1. Tradition makes women responsible for child rearing 2. No reproductive health care - high birth rates which limits economic production of country

Question 51

Gender inequality is greater in low-income countries

Answer 51

true

Question 52

Older, single men more susceptible to poverty

Answer 52

False - Older, single women are more susceptible to poverty

Question 53

Only a few thousand people globally experience a form of slavery today

Answer 53

False - roughly 20 million people live in slavery conditions

Question 54

Descent based slavery

Answer 54

Owner owns slave and offspring, generally involves the enslavement of people of one ethnic group

Question 55

Forced-labour slavery

Answer 55

imposed by state (ie. criminal violations), - China if ur a prostitute

Question 56

Leasing of convicts for work is cheaper than descent-based slavery

Answer 56

True

Question 57

Child slavery

Answer 57

poor families send kids out to beg, steal or work in production

Question 58

Debt bondage slavery

Answer 58

Ie. sweatshops workers given wages is less than that of their food & housing prices - always in debt, can't repay

Question 59

Marriage slavery

Answer 59

women married off against will, slave for husband family, sex work

Question 60

Human trafficking

Answer 60

promise of a job but instead forced to become prostitutes or perform farm labour

Question 61

Trading people (human trafficking) is one of the greatest profits to organized crime

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Explanations of Global Poverty (5)

Answer 62

1. Lack of technology: economic production 2. Population growth: birth rates 3. Social Stratification: wealth distribution 4. Gender Inequality: women raise lotta kids 5. Global power relationships

Question 63

Africa population projected to double every 25 years

Answer 63

true

Question 64

A societies living standards depends heavily on women's social standing

Answer 64

True - If women aren't given opportunties to work they will be forced to stay at home (why not have a lot of kids) - greater population = slower economic development

Question 65

Colonialism

Answer 65

nation enriched by political/economical control of other nations

Question 66

Neocolonialism

Answer 66

economic exploitation by multinational corporations (large business operating in many countries)

Question 67

Examples of neocolonialism (2)

Answer 67

1. Owners impose will on countries they do business with to create favourable economic conditions for their operation 2. Buying property in poor nations (ie. China’s “friendship farms” in Africa)

Question 68

3 statuses in Aristocratic England

Answer 68

1. First Estate 2. Second Estate 3. Third Estate

Question 69

First Estate in Aristocratic England

Answer 69

Highest church officials - lived in palaces - power to shape politics

Question 70

Second Estate in Aristocratic England

Answer 70

Royalty/hereditary nobility - No occupations (just rode horses, learned war, art, music, literature stuff)

Question 71

Gendered stuff in Aristocratic england Second Estate (3)

Answer 71

1. All property passed to oldest son/male relation 2. Younger sons would become leaders in church (tying the two together), military officers, judges 3. Women depended on marrying well for her security

Question 72

Law of primogeniture

Answer 72

Pertaining to Second estate in Aristocractic England - all property passed to oldest son/male relation

Question 73

Third Estate in Aristocratic England

Answer 73

Commoners - worked land of those in 1st and 2nd estate - little schooling, largely illiterate

Question 74

How did industrialization help those in third estate aristocratic england slay (2)

Answer 74

1. Rise of the class system/meritocracy (blurring of differences between aristocrats and commoners) - schooling expansion, legal rights 2. All this empowered some to make enough to challenge nobility

Question 75

Why are the british sometimes referred to as “a single people divided by a common language”

Answer 75

The importance attached to linguistic accents - “the King’s English vs sepaking “like commoners”

Question 76

Can any society be truly classless?

Answer 76

Nope

Question 77

Russian revolution effects on class

Answer 77

1. Transferred productive property from private ownership to state control (gave greater economic equality) Boasted of being a “classless society” (but nope) 2. In a single generation, USSR became industrial, with near elimination of homelessness and unemployment & provision of free education and health care

Question 78

4 categories of Russia's class

Answer 78

1. High government officials (Apparatchiks) - political power concentrated here 2. Soviet intelligentsia - lower government, professors, scientists 3. Manual workers 4. Rural peasantry

Question 79

Gorbachez's suggestions of restructuring (perestroika) Russian federation

Answer 79

1. He saw that living standards lagged behind other industrial nations 2. Reduce centralization economical control to generate economic growth 3. Led to a reformation of people blaming poverty on communist ruling class

Question 80

Results of perestroika (Russian reformation in 1980s) to Russian society

Answer 80

1. Toppled socialist government in 1989 2. Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 - something similar to great depression because of so much structural social mobility 3. Increased poverty and decreased lifespan

Question 81

Social mobility in “classless” societies (ie. Russia)

Answer 81

A lot of upward social mobility (USSR in 20th century) - expanding industry drawing peasants out of rural areas into factories

Question 82

Structural social mobility

Answer 82

a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts - ie. as a result of industrialization

Question 83

4 categories of China's society

Answer 83

1. political elite (who rule country) 2. Managers and skilled professionals 3. Industrial workers 4. Rural peasants

Question 84

Overall, China's population has experienced structural downward mobility over the past 4 decades

Answer 84

False - In general China’s population has experienced structural upward mobility by 10%/year with economic expansion over 4 decades

Question 85

Hai gui

Answer 85

China's society: - “returned from overseas” increasing in # as many return from international educations

Question 86

Economic/income ineuqality in China is decreasing

Answer 86

False - China has seen an Increase in economic inequality (more and more business and political elite members become mill/billionaires)

Question 87

Current Communist party leader of China Xi Jingping declares all work to be equally important

Answer 87

False - It was Parter leader Mao Zedong (in the 20th century) who declared all work to be equally important (no official social classes, but ofc social differences remained)

Question 88

Social hierarchies are maintained by ideology

Answer 88

True - maintained by cultural beliefs that justify social arrangements

Question 89

Belief is ideological if it supports inequality by defining it as fair

Answer 89

True - ie. rich = smart, poor = lazy

Question 90

Plato on ideology

Answer 90

every culture considers some type of inequality fair

Question 91

Marx on ideology

Answer 91

more critical than Plato 1. blames capitalism for defending wealth/power in hands of the few & allows money to stay in families 2. Culture and institutions support society’s elite and consequently, hierarchies

Question 92

Caste systems are associated with capitalist & industrial societies because hierarchy and organization is needed to maintain structure

Answer 92

False - Meritocracy & class systems are associated with industrial/capitalist societies - they rely on specialization and competition based on skill/merit for all the new jobs

Question 93

Caste systems are typical of agrarian societies

Answer 93

tru dat

Question 94

Compare and contrast how poor are treated in Industrial vs Feudalist societies

Answer 94

given charity under feudalism & looked down on as undeserving in industrial societies

Question 95

Herbert Spencer (2)

Answer 95

1. Coined "the survival of the fittest" (from darwinism) - Incorrectly applied this to society (which doesn’t follow biological principles) 2. opposed social welfare (penalized “best” through taxes, reward “worst”)

Question 96

Structural Functional Theory of Inequality (person(s))

Answer 96

Davis & Moore

Question 97

Social Conflict theory of inequality (person(s))

Answer 97

Marx and lil Weber

Question 98

Structural Functional Theory of Inequality (Davis & Moore)

Answer 98

- Social stratification has beneficial consequences for society’s operation - Stratification exists to show that crucial positions must be offered enough rewards to draw talented people away from less important work - unequal rewards benefit society as a whole (encourages productivity & efficiency) - Equality says that a job poorly and well done should be rewarded equally

Question 99

What does Tumin argue against Davis & Moore's functionalist theory of social inequality?

Answer 99

this theory can ignore how caste element of social stratification can prevent development of individual talent

Question 100

Social Conflict Theory (Marx & a lil bit of Weber)

Answer 100

- Social stratification benefits some and disadvantages other - Marx → Social stratification is rooted in people’s relation to means of production Owners (capitalists/bourgeoisie) and workers (proletarians)

Question 101

What was Marx's prediction about the end of capitalism

Answer 101

- capitalism destroy itself (working majority to overthrow capitalists) - Proposed a socialist system (meet needs of all) - Capitalism produces alienation

Question 102

Why was there no marxist revolution? (as he predicted) (4)

Answer 102

- Fragmentation of capitalist class (millions of stockholders rather than single families own companies) - Higher standard of living (higher income, less hours) - More worker organizations (unions, strikes rights) - Greater legal projections (safety/financial security)

Question 103

This century sees a greater percentage of white collar workers (compared to blue collar workers in last century)

Answer 103

true

Question 104

This century sees a greater percentage of white collar workers (compared to blue collar workers in last century)

Answer 104

true

Question 105

Wealth is quite evenly distributed in Canada

Answer 105

False - it remains highly concentrated

Question 106

There are now lower rates of unemployment, downsizing, budgets cutting & job benefits in Canada

Answer 106

false

Question 107

Marx's class model

Answer 107

Stratification is about economy 1. Owners (capitalists/bourgeoisie) 2. workers (proletarians)

Question 108

Weber's 3 dimensions of inequality (multidimensional)

Answer 108

Stratification is about culture - Economic position (class) - how much $$ you make - agrarian societies - Social prestige (status) - respect - economic class in industrial/capitalist societies - Power (party) - ability to achieve goals despite - bureaucratic/socialist societies

Question 109

Marx's thoughts on socialism

Answer 109

abolish capitalism to eliminate social stratification, replace with socialism

Question 110

Webers thoughts on socialism

Answer 110

socialism’s expanding government & concentration of power would increase inequality

Question 111

Marx & weber treat social stratification as a micro-level issue

Answer 111

false - they look at it from a macro perspective

Question 112

People tend to live/socialize with similar people (because of SS)

Answer 112

True

Question 113

Symbolic interaction theory of social inequality

Answer 113

- Conspicuous consumption - we size people up by looking for clues to their social standing

Question 114

Conspicuous consumption

Answer 114

consuming product b/c of its attachment to social position → showing off status through buying things

Question 115

Thorsten Veblen

Answer 115

Associated with conspicuous consumption

Question 116

The Jazz age (1920s)

Answer 116

- beginning of consumerism ig - quantity is the best - Challenges concept of authenticity - we can change things so fast so what is real? (anomie)

Question 117

Consumerism is independent of pop culture

Answer 117

False - Consumerism has always been at the centre of pop culture

Question 118

Pop culture as a political space (for good and bad)

Answer 118

Focus on on youth as consumers (up to age 25) - concern comes b/c people are scared what's happening to youth Infused with gender & race -Fear in 1920s was esp about how women were dressing

Question 119

Hunting and gathering societies

Answer 119

no categories better off Simple technology, produce for needs, survival based on sharing teach us ties to the natural environment

Question 120

Horticultural, Pastoral & Agrarian Societies

Answer 120

Social inequality increases as technological advances create a surplus in work Small elite (godlike) control most of surplus, agriculture more productive

Question 121

Social inequality greatest in Horticultural, Pastoral & Agrarian Societies

Answer 121

true

Question 122

Gerhard Lenski on Horticultural, Pastoral & Agrarian societies

Answer 122

advancing technology initially increases SS

Question 123

Marxist revolutions occurred in Industrial Societies as he predicted

Answer 123

false they happened in agrarian societies

Question 124

Industrial Societies

Answer 124

Inequality moves downward - meritocracy weakens elite power, wealth less concentrated - Higher living standard, specialized work reduces illiteracy - women voicing political views

Question 125

Income inequality today is similar to that of....

Answer 125

1920 - 1990 was a slay though

Question 126

Post-industrial Societies

Answer 126

Upturn in economic inequality

Question 127

Kuznets Curve (Simon Kuznets)

Answer 127

Trend of how technological advances first increase but then moderate intensity of SS -Agrarian societies function better with greater inequality - Industrial societies function better in a more equal system

Question 128

There is more income inequality in nations where a larger share of the labour force is farming

Answer 128

true - less in High-income, post industrial nations

Question 129

Criticism of Kuznets Curve

Answer 129

Canada shows increase in economic inequality suggesting the curve may need revision

Question 130

Income inequality reflects society's political & economic priorities

Answer 130

true

Question 131

Canada had a rigid distinct ranking caste system once in history

Answer 131

false - don't forget the racism though canada is still highly stratified - rich get the best of it all, millions in poverty - Many think of Canada as “middle-class” where people are more or less alike

Question 131

Canada had a rigid distinct ranking caste system once in history

Answer 131

false - don't forget the racism though canada is still highly stratified - rich get the best of it all, millions in poverty - Many think of Canada as “middle-class” where people are more or less alike

Question 132

Income

Answer 132

earnings from work/investments

Question 133

Wealth

Answer 133

total value of money, mutual funds & assets minus debts

Question 134

How does wealth concentration weaken democracy

Answer 134

Democracy becomes a system that serves interests of the super rich - Those who control much of the wealth also control/shape the society’s agenda

Question 135

Occupational Prestige varies from time to time and varies within high income nations

Answer 135

False - its Constant in high-income nations and over time

Question 136

High ranking jobs are dominated by men

Answer 136

true

Question 137

lower-ranking jobs are dominated by racial minorities

Answer 137

true

Question 138

What is occupational prestige based on? (3)

Answer 138

income level of training skill/ability

Question 139

60% of degree holders are women

Answer 139

true

Question 140

visible minorities & immigrants tend to have higher level of education

Answer 140

true - but still income disparity

Question 141

there are more single-parent families among Indigenous peoples

Answer 141

true

Question 142

There is high status consistency in Canada

Answer 142

false - position may change over lifetime (blurry middle class)

Question 143

Capitalists in Canada

Answer 143

owners of production means - Business owners, top officials (historically white) Source of income (primarily inherited) - stock/bond shares, real estate

Question 144

Upper uppers (old upper class/blue bloods/society)

Answer 144

Queen Elizabeth - Practically always because of birth (old money), live in exclusive neighborhoods - Women work charities, help larger community, broadens elite power & network - make up smallest portion of canadian pop

Question 145

HNWI

Answer 145

high net worth individuals ie. queen lizzy

Question 146

Lower uppers (new upper class/working rich)

Answer 146

JK Rowling Some of the richest in the world Earn money not inheriting it Can’t enter associations of “old money” families

Question 147

Middle Class

Answer 147

Largest portion of Canada - influence on culture - highly represented in media (average consumers) - Build up small wealth over working lives (house/retirement account)

Question 148

What class in Canada are More seeking post-secondary credentials in?

Answer 148

Middle class

Question 149

Upper middle class

Answer 149

you bitch Upper-middles (fairly nice houses, multiple cars, build investments) High prestige occupations Children attend university Influence local political affairs

Question 150

Average middle class

Answer 150

Less prestigious white-collar jobs or highly skilled blue collar jobs

Question 151

Working class

Answer 151

- blue collar workers are Marx's industrial proletariat - Little to no wealth, vulnerable to financial problems (unemployment & illness) - Little personal satisfaction in discipline not imagination/independence centred jobs - Precarious employment

Question 152

From highest to lowest percentage of Canadians name the classes

Answer 152

Middle class, working class, lower class, lower-upper, upper-upper

Question 153

Precarious employment

Answer 153

few benefits like medical insurance and pension plans - Jobs not guaranteed to be kept long term - Most people are going to have 4-5 careers

Question 154

Lower Class

Answer 154

- low income - insecure & difficult lives - Working poor → Low prestige jobs with little satisfaction and income - Segregated (esp racial & ethnic minorities) by Canadian society

Question 155

The higher the social standing the less confidence you have because of the pressure on you

Answer 155

false more confidence (others see them as having more importance)

Question 156

Old rich values

Answer 156

- strong sense of family history (position based on inherited money) - Don’t need to prove who they are - understated manners & tastes

Question 157

New rich values

Answer 157

engage in conspicuous consumption

Question 158

Why is the working class more socially conservative?

Answer 158

grew up in greater supervision & discipline - they are economically conservative

Question 159

Why is the upper class more socially liberal?

Answer 159

Affluent with greater education & financial security

Question 160

Why is the upper class more economically conservative

Answer 160

to protect wealth

Question 161

Lower class are more involved in politics (voting, joining political organizations)

Answer 161

false - well off are like this

Question 162

Compare and contrast children of working vs upper class

Answer 162

Working class - conform to norms, respect authority, boundaries - work in jobs requiring them to follow rules High income - flexible, develop individuality

Question 163

Friendships in working class vs upper

Answer 163

Working class - friendships as sources of material assistance Higher incomes - friendships involved shared interest & leisure pursuits

Question 164

Marriage in working vs upper class

Answer 164

Working class couples → traditional gender roles Middle class → egalitarian with greater intimacy

Question 165

Social mobility has to do with individual change

Answer 165

false Social mobility more to do with changes in society - ie. industrialization: expanding of economy, higher living standards - outsourcing of jobs (factories close) = downward structural social mobility

Question 166

Examples of experiencing upward social mobility

Answer 166

getting a PSI degree, high paying job, marrying rich

Question 167

Examples of experiencing downward social mobility

Answer 167

dropping out, losing job, becoming divorced (esp for women)

Question 168

Examples of experiencing downward social mobility

Answer 168

dropping out, losing job, becoming divorced (esp for women)

Question 169

Keister study of social mobility

Answer 169

jaz

Question 170

those at the bottom are most likely to experience no social mobility (keister study)

Answer 170

true - Largest % of people who “stayed put” were at either extreme

Question 171

there is more pronounced mobility in middle ranges of income (keister study)

Answer 171

true

Question 172

Men are more likely to have same work type as dad

Answer 172

true

Question 173

Compared to Canada, Australia and Nordic countries, where is social mobility lower?

Answer 173

UK, US, France, S. Europe

Question 174

Horizontal social mobility

Answer 174

changing jobs at same class level

Question 175

It is the exception that will experience social mobility compared to their parents

Answer 175

false - 80% of kids show some type of social mobility in relation to their parents

Question 176

Social mobility is high in a single generation

Answer 176

false within a single generation, social mobility is usually small (not large interclass mvmt)

Question 177

Long-term and short-term trend of social mobility

Answer 177

Long-term trend in social mobility has been upward (but shows signs of ending) Short-term trend (since ‘07) in social mobility has been downward (middle class shrink)

Question 178

Real minimum wage has been virtually unchanged since 70s

Answer 178

true - staleld earnings

Question 179

Expanding global economy has increased income for all

Answer 179

false - More jobs now offer little income - less high paying factory jobs & more service jobs - Increase of low-paying jobs brought downward mobility for middle

Question 179

Expanding global economy has increased income for all

Answer 179

false - has increased increased and upward social mobility for educated people - More jobs now offer little income - less high paying factory jobs & more service jobs (pays less) - Increase of low-paying jobs brought downward mobility for middle

Question 180

Median Canadian family income has increased for all

Answer 180

true - but gap has gotten bigger b/w top & bottom

Question 181

There is less industry in Canada

Answer 181

true we are consumers of technology made in ie. Asia

Question 182

Relative poverty

Answer 182

- deprivation of resources that is life harming - invisible

Question 183

Absolute poverty

Answer 183

lack of resources that is life-threatening (750 million globally)

Question 184

How does Canada measure poverty rate

Answer 184

LICO (Low-income Cut-off): family spends over 60% of after-tax income on necessities LIM (Low-Income Measure): 50% of national median income MBM (Market Basket Measure): cost of things to maintain physical health

Question 185

Who is more at risk of poverty?

Answer 185

elderly, woman, single parent family, visible minority, Indigenous

Question 186

Visible minorities make up the majority of Canadians people in poverty

Answer 186

false majority is white, but visible minorities have higher odds (in relation to population) - Highest rates of poverty for children are on-reserve kids in Manitoba & Saskatchewan

Question 187

Order of visible minorities in poverty (most to less)

Answer 187

Arab Canadians, Korean Canadians, Indigenous peoples

Question 188

Feminization of poverty

Answer 188

more households headed by single women - more likely to be in poverty if single parent and womand - more women living in poverty (of all ages)

Question 189

Poverty is higher in rural areas than urban

Answer 189

false - Poverty higher in urban than rural (more hidden & no infrastructures to service poor in rural areas)

Question 190

"New Homeless"

Answer 190

people thrown out of work, escaping domestic violence, rent increases

Question 191

Liberal thoughts on welfare

Answer 191

its a bandaid approach - Amounts spent on welfare are nothing compared to tax write offs for RRSPs - left want to improve and expand social assistance

Question 192

Conservative thoughts on welfare

Answer 192

- makes country broke - Worsened poverty: Eroded traditional family - doesn't help non-working women make transition to self-sufficiency, encourages out-of-wedlock births - Government assistance undermines self-reliance - welfare should be redesigned into work-for-welfare programs

Question 193

People in poverty thoughts on welfare

Answer 193

its degrading and confusing

Question 194

Is the Canadian dream rlly a thing

Answer 194

Canadian dream - make the effort, economic security, improve social standing No - there is more income inequality - the myth of if you work hard you can get ahead

Question 195

More and more Canadians are identifying as middle class

Answer 195

false - less are

Question 196

Marx says that capitalist society reproduces ________ in each new generation

Answer 196

Class structure (you are owner or worker)

Question 197

There is a trend of more courses for less money in public uni

Answer 197

False Less for more Higher tuition, fewer courses

Question 198

Political party

Answer 198

- macro-structure demanding change be made - Weber recognized that mass change happens when people collect and form political parties

Question 199

Who's classifications of stratification influence our national census questions?

Answer 199

Weber (dimensions of class, status and power) - how much do you make, what is your job

Question 200

Socioeconomic status

Answer 200

- A profile based on various dimensions of social inequality (income, education, occupational prestige) - A set of cultural beliefs we’ve been socialized with

Question 201

Contradictory class locations

Answer 201

Contradiction is that you have lots of skills + income but you aren’t the owner - most of middle class occupies this

Question 202

Erik Olin Wright

Answer 202

Contradictory class locations

Question 203

Classism

Answer 203

A belief that those in higher classes are inherently superior (values, behavior, lifestyle)

Question 204

Intergenerational Mobility

Answer 204

- Mobility of a family’s children and grandchildren - Kids will generally do better than their parents - Status anxiety - Will I do as well as my parents

Question 205

Intragenerational mobility

Answer 205

Mobility of people in their lifetime - Ie. if you’re gen z - how are you doing relative to other gen z’s

Question 206

Why is the middle class shrinking

Answer 206

- its invisible (blurred) - increasingly going into debt - same amount of money for smaller portions - We’re being resocialized to learn what middle class is

Question 207

How are we being resocialized to learn what middle class is:

Answer 207

Old vs Modern - Wanting to buy a house vs condo/renting - Having 2 cars vs biking, transiting - Privacy vs work/leisure blending

Question 208

Pierre Bourdieu

Answer 208

- Book: "Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste" (1979) - Interested in taste (food, movies, literature) - We can tell social classes based on what we see

Question 209

Pierre Bourdieu on taste

Answer 209

- A practice that gives people a sense of their place in the social world/order - Humour, food, friends, leisure activities, what we’re comfortable saying, neighbourhoods, social media - Middle class people going to middle class restaurants because it feels more “them”

Question 210

All types of capital are intimately related to one another and are represented symbolically

Answer 210

true read it again marie i know you skipped it

Question 211

Economic capital

Answer 211

Financial resources Marx

Question 212

Cultural capital

Answer 212

Strategies of thinking, ways of speaking

Question 213

Social capital

Answer 213

Your network: Knowing the right people (who will help you get various opportunities)

Question 214

Social capital

Answer 214

Your network: Knowing the right people (who will help you get various opportunities)

Question 215

Symbolic capital

Answer 215

Credentialism Stuff (material objects) - What you wear - Where you live -Where you go to school

Question 216

Attributional symbols

Answer 216

Symbols that represents capital we actually possess (Bsc, UBC)

Question 217

Aspirational symbols

Answer 217

Using symbols that represent what we hope to achieve/become (UBC 2026) - Knock off brands

Question 218

Unionization is going up in industrialized countries

Answer 218

FASLE

Question 219

Billionaire club is growing

Answer 219

True - we legitmize their practices by consuming their products - watching yacht club reality tv shows

Question 220

Protestant ethic (weber says slay?)

Answer 220

How to get to Heaven DIY - Work hard - Save your money - Be honest - Suffer through work that you don’t like doing

Question 221

Criminalizing poverty

Answer 221

- making it illegal to live in your car (parking in residential neighborhoods) - Poverty disproportionately affects women and people of color Poverty is inherited (generational)

Question 222

subjective poverty

Answer 222

- deprivation of resources in relation to others (ie. based on where we live)

Question 223

Food Insecurity

Answer 223

Inability to obtain sufficient, nutritious, personally acceptable food through normal food chanells or the uncertainty that one will be able to do so

Question 224

Kraft Dinner article

Answer 224

- Comfort for food-secure (have all the resources to cook it, feel good donating) - Discomfort for food-insecure (don’t got all resources to cook, symbol of poverty) - food banks as a thing for rich to do to make themselves feel betetr

Question 225

Why do we blame the poor for poverty

Answer 225

- individualising of problems - cultural value on self-reliance - Canada’s values of competitive individualism and personal responsibility -people should receive rewards proportional to abilities and efforts

Question 226

Explaining poverty: Blame the poor

Answer 226

- Lazy/don’t work hard enough - Trapped in a culture of poverty (destroys ambition to improve life) - Poor impulse control, planning skills, decision making (school, budgeting) - Substance abuse (saying its purely a choice) - Learned helplessness

Question 227

Neoliberalism

Answer 227

transfer of government control to private actors (forces sufficiency) - does not like expanded welfare program (discourages sufficiency) Leaders who supported neoliberalism brought down social spending

Question 228

Explaining poverty: blame society

Answer 228

William Julius Wilson - Loss of jobs in cities (available jobs off only low wages) - housing not affordable - Discrimination - Lack of trying of the poor b/c of little opportunity - Closing down of mental institutions in recent decades

Question 229

William Julius Wilson

Answer 229

says government should take lead in funding jobs, child care - In light of recent recession, cuts to welfare & higher income inequality - Limited government support for lower-income people

Question 230

The working poor

Answer 230

Those experiencing poverty working full time in precarious employment

Question 231

post uni graduation the gender wage gap closes as time goes on

Answer 231

false - it increases wage gap is invisible

Question 232

Nellie McClung

Answer 232

Struggled for women's rights in 1870s

Question 233

Goldwin Smith

Answer 233

Toronto journalist - Giving women right to vote would lead to “national emasculation” - Protested right of women to enter universities

Question 234

Males tend to do better in math and writing, women in reading

Answer 234

false Males do better in mathematics & reading, females in writing

Question 235

Why were women denied the vote

Answer 235

it was assumed they didn’t have enough intelligence - reflection of cultural patterns at the time

Question 236

Margaret Mead’s Research on gender

Answer 236

If gender is biological everyone should define it similarly Culture is key to gender distinctions - new guinea found different gender roles

Question 237

Israeli Kibbutz research on gender

Answer 237

no gendered adult and kid roles

Question 238

George Murdock’s Research

Answer 238

With simple technology, pre-industrial societies assign roles reflecting physicality

Question 239

Women have the highest social standing in Nordic countries and Holland

Answer 239

true - low in mali, chad

Question 240

Examples of institutional sexism

Answer 240

- women highly concentrated in low-paying jobs - excusing of violence (more in the past)

Question 241

What does patriarchy cost men?

Answer 241

- masculinity encouraging driving stupid, dangerous sports, substances - Suicide, violence & stress related diseases - Type A associated with masculine impatience, competitiveness, heart disease

Question 242

Gendered way of handling infants

Answer 242

cuddles for girls, air throws for boys

Question 243

Women dominate sociology field

Answer 243

true

Question 244

The beauty myth

Answer 244

striving to be physically attractive to men is key to women's happiness - Motivates men to think of women as objects/status symbols in advertising - Men taller (women sitting) focus on products being advertised, women watch men

Question 245

Change in labour force (in gender section)

Answer 245

- less farming/kids - higher divorce rate - city growth - neoliberalism

Question 246

5 c's/pink collar jobs

Answer 246

caring, clerical, catering, cashiering, cleaning

Question 247

Women fare worse in the public sector of government

Answer 247

false - in the private sector

Question 248

Women have a higher level of unemployment

Answer 248

false - Men higher level of unemployment (men in factory jobs that have moved abroad)

Question 249

Gendered earning differences are less in younger workers

Answer 249

true - both genders have similar schooling

Question 250

What jobs does the wage Gap increase in?

Answer 250

medical fields and even greater in retail sales supervisors

Question 251

Why do women earn less?

Answer 251

- The type of work they do - Being behind when they return to labour force after raising kids - Women more likely to take time off from work to care for parents - General discrimination (practiced subtly)

Question 252

What is the policy of "comparable worth" and who has adopted it

Answer 252

- paying people according to skill & responsibility in work Have been adopted by Canada, Great Britain & Australia

Question 253

The "second shift"

Answer 253

Some women work outside the home for pay and then come home and also clean the house Amount of housework women do has decreased but share has stayed the same Women have less leisure time (marital stress) - job & housework

Question 254

Agnes Macphail

Answer 254

first woman member of parliament

Question 255

Kim Campbell

Answer 255

canadas first female PM

Question 256

Elizabeth May

Answer 256

only female federal leader on parliament hill

Question 257

before 1960, Indigenous people had to give up treaty rights or status to vote

Answer 257

true

Question 258

Captain Nicole Goddard

Answer 258

first female soldier to be killed in battle in 2006

Question 259

Gender and the military

Answer 259

- Women are nurturers - give life, help not trained to kill - Women face harm within their own ranks (sexual harassment)

Question 260

Most white women doesn't see themselves as a minority

Answer 260

true

Question 261

Sexual violence is about sex

Answer 261

not entirely - mostly about power

Question 262

Those in position of power often understand the extent of sexual harassment in their establishments

Answer 262

false - they underestimate it

Question 263

Porn as a power issue

Answer 263

- dehumanizing women - Encourage violence and contempt against women

Question 264

Structural Functional Theory of Gender (Parsons)

Answer 264

Sex-based division of labour in past societies Gives men and women distinct roles that helps society run smoothly brings women and men togetehr to form famileis

Question 265

Symbolic Interaction theory of gender

Answer 265

Everyday life (giving men more value) - conversations - men set topics, women maintain eye contact Reality construction - women who marry young and are more feminine more likely to not keep their last name

Question 266

Social Conflict Theory of Gender (engels)

Answer 266

Gender as a structural system of power that creates division and tension Surplus wealth passed on to male heirs (controlling women’s sexuality) remaining virgins and build lives around man Capitalism concentrates wealth further in hands of a few men

Question 266

Talcott Parson

Answer 266

saw gender in terms of complementary roles

Question 267

Marx's work mostly talked about men

Answer 267

true - friedrich engels knew the vibes

Question 268

Liberal Feminism

Answer 268

Accepts basic order of society Seek to change, but only to ensure equality of opportunity - individual change according to personal ability and effort

Question 269

Socialist Feminism (marx)

Answer 269

Capitalism increases patriarchy Does not accept basic order of society Want to end social classes and family gender roles that encourage "domestic slavery" - collective change through socialist revolution

Question 270

Radical Feminism

Answer 270

Does not accept basic order of society Want to end the family system - collective change to eliminate gender

Question 270

Radical Feminism

Answer 270

Does not accept basic order of society Want to end the family system - collective change to eliminate gender

Question 271

Multicultural and Global feminism

Answer 271

intersectionality, understanding common themes

Question 272

Human capital model

Answer 272

Wage gaps and job disparities is because of individual choice (ie of women to stay home)

Question 273

Essentialism

Answer 273

gender differences are a product of naturally evolved dispositions

Question 274

Leaky Pipeline

Answer 274

Underrepresentation of women in STEM workforce

Question 275

Women get sicker Men die quick

Answer 275

Women are more likely to admit being sick (weak sex) Women lead higher stress lives (higher role accumulation) Men do dangerous jobs, do stupid things, stubborn and tough

Question 276

Examples of things women have invented

Answer 276

agriculture and beer

Question 277

Reasons for income disparity

Answer 277

Types of jobs women do Glass ceiling Family penalty or bonus Education Discrimination

Question 278

Pink Ghetto

Answer 278

Feminization of poverty Predominance of women in poorly paid occupations

Question 279

pay equity

Answer 279

payment received is based on value of job

Question 280

Feminist ideas

Answer 280

Importance of change (culture Expanding human choice Eliminated gender stratification Ending violence against women Promoting sexual autonomy

Question 281

Friedrich Engels on gender

Answer 281

Capitalism intensifies male domination - Women need to be at home to “re energize” men in between work days

Question 282

Canada has an extensive national daycare program

Answer 282

no and ofc this disproportionately affects women (primary caregivers)

Question 283

How to study gender ethically

Answer 283

Study it as a fluid system: Looking at culture Look at big institutions Women AND men

Question 284

heterosexism

Answer 284

prejudice or discrimination against non straight ppl

Question 285

Homosexuality was seen as a mental illness before it was criminalized

Answer 285

false - one it was decriminalized (in certain countries anyway) it was seen as a mental illness

Question 286

How would Erving Goffman suggest stigmatized groups go about their lives?

Answer 286

Passing - acting straight

Question 287

Paul Harfleet pansy project

Answer 287

Harfleet planted 250 pansies in London 1 pansy for every area a slur was aimed at him

Question 288

micro cultural changes for sexuality justice

Answer 288

Roles, interactions -Language (using gay as a pejorative term) - Pop Culture Landscape (representation)

Question 289

macro cultural changes for sexuality justice

Answer 289

Institutional - Legalizing Gay Marriage - Human Rights Protections - Safe School Coalitions

Question 290

The active normalization of our collective conscience

Answer 290

Things so ingrained in culture (seeing something as permanent, natural, normal) Changes what we see as normal and natural

Question 291

provincial divorce laws don’t hold on reserves for Indigenous peoples

Answer 291

true - risk of property loss after separation

Question 292

colonialism

Answer 292

Ethnic group forcibly placed under economic/political control of dominant group Indigenous practices holds back industrialization

Question 293

Sixties scoop

Answer 293

Taking Indigeous children from home (kidnapping yikes)

Question 294

Microfiche

Answer 294

Nutritional experiments on children (giving some kids vitamins) Indigenous kids treated as control group

Question 295

Sociologists say that more genetic variation within categories and not between them

Answer 295

true

Question 296

Environmental racism

Answer 296

If you are black in US you are more likely to live in areas of toxicity and waste ⅔ of reservations under water boil advisories Less canopy cover **Bureaucracy invisibilizes the problem

Question 297

Split labour market theory

Answer 297

“Good” jobs (need degrees) and “bad” jobs (precarious employment) Division of the economy into primary & secondary sectors with the dominated having access to only the secondary sector

Question 298

John Porter

Answer 298

Book called “The Vertical Mosaic” - ladder, whos at top, whos at bottom Canada needs to go from vertical mosaic (ladder) to a cultural mosaic (based on merit)

Question 299

1988 Multiculturalism act

Answer 299

Enshrining the need to recognize all Canadians as full and equal partners in Canadian society

Question 300

How do minorities see assimilation

Answer 300

Avenue to upward social mobility and escape prejudice & discrimination

Question 301

Multiculturalism is predated on __________

Answer 301

pluralism

Question 302

pluralism

Answer 302

recognition that ethnic & racial minorities are distinct but have social parity

Question 303

Is Canada pluralistic under law?

Answer 303

Yes but rise of white supremacist groups as minority population increases

Question 304

Diminishing of ethnic traits is called ...

Answer 304

assimilation - the melting pot

Question 305

Diminishing of racial traits is calle d

Answer 305

miscegenation/interracial marriage

Question 306

What is the most segregated group of ppl rn

Answer 306

Jews

Question 307

De jure segregation

Answer 307

by law - internment camps WWI and WWII

Question 308

def acto segregation

Answer 308

concentration of different groups (though not by law)

Question 309

Nisga'a treaty

Answer 309

Self-government (can create laws on their language, family services, policing, property) Resources - ownership of all forests and resources within their land)

Question 310

1st wave of Canada's immigration

Answer 310

late French

Question 311

2nd wave of Canada's immigration

Answer 311

- 1820 to 1890 British from UK or America

Question 312

3rd wave of Canada's immigration

Answer 312

1890 to 1920 "non preferred" europeans (europeans now see as white, but then seen as minorities) - seen as enemy aliens during WWI (internment of Ukrainians)

Question 313

4th wave of Canada's immigration

Answer 313

1940-1960 Post WWII - low to middle income countries (many asian) - economic immigration

Question 314

Economic immigration

Answer 314

preferred immigrants (certain skills and capital)

Question 315

Race

Answer 315

group who share biological features that members of a society deem socially significant - Society tells us what to think about race

Question 316

Ethnicity

Answer 316

constructed from cultural traits shared cultural heritage (common ancestry, language, religion) more complex than race b/c many any ethnic backgrounds - people will also play up or down cultural traits Culture is malleable

Question 317

Characteristics of ethnic groups

Answer 317

Unique cultural traits Sense of community Sense of ethnocentrism Ascribed membership (skin colour, geographic origins) Territoriality (geography)

Question 318

2 important characteristics of minorities

Answer 318

Share a distinct identity (physical or cultural) Experience subordination

Question 319

Visible minority

Answer 319

persons other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-white in race/colour

Question 320

Visible minorities are more likely to have higher university aspirations

Answer 320

true

Question 321

There is a trend of more euro-canadians than minorities in Canada

Answer 321

false - minority population is increasing

Question 322

Where do visible minorities tend to live in canada

Answer 322

metropolitan areas

Question 323

Ulrich Beck

Answer 323

"Risk society" Though we live in one of the safest points in history (in terms of health) we're more anxious and detached than ever - we see each other as a threat (globalization, individualization) - no way out of it

Question 324

Prejudice

Answer 324

attitude rigid and unfair generalisation about an entire category of people - positive: exaggeration of people similar to us' virtues - negative: condemn those different from us

Question 325

Stereotype

Answer 325

simplified description applied to every person in some category

Question 326

Emory S. Bogardus

Answer 326

Social distance scale (experiment, analyzing patterns) - how closely people are willing to interact with a category

Question 327

Discrimination

Answer 327

Unequal treatment of various categories of people Positive - providing special advantages Negative - creating obstacles

Question 328

Positive feedback loop of prejudice and discrimination

Answer 328

White people think they're better so they project this through social inferiority, pushing minorities into low-paying jobs. White people interpret this as evidence that minorities don't measure up

Question 328

Positive feedback loop of prejudice and discrimination

Answer 328

White people think they're better so they project this through social inferiority, pushing minorities into low-paying jobs. White people interpret this as evidence that minorities don't measure up

Question 329

Xenophobia

Answer 329

Hostility toward foreigners

Question 329

Who says that race is uniquely modern

Answer 329

Fredrickson - racism as a way of though in 19th century (Europoean renaissance)

Question 330

There is a single source of prejudice

Answer 330

false - the most important factor depends on time, history and place

Question 331

Scapegoat theory of race

Answer 331

blaming people for our problems (esp marginalized groups without power) - doens't improve the situation, just express anger

Question 332

Authoritarian/Personality theory of race

Answer 332

If you put authoritarian people in change (that don't embrace diversity) this will fuel discrimination - Theodor Adorono saw extreme prejudice trait belonging to only a select few - come from childhood stuff (cold parents, little schooling)

Question 333

Cultural theory of race

Answer 333

some prejudice is found in everyone (part of culture) Social distance scale

Question 334

Social conflict theory of race

Answer 334

There's a good reason for maximising distance between us and them - power and exploitation If you don’t challenge ethnocentricity: - white privilege

Question 335

Polite racism

Answer 335

saying the right things in public

Question 336

Michael Walzer on toleration

Answer 336

its an openness to others - don't have to like the thing - dislike its absence Not him rlly - need to create and continually maintain inclusive social space

Question 337

Damon Tweedy

Answer 337

Black Man in a White Coat Found that black patients didn’t want a black doctor Internalized racism

Question 338

"Being black is bad for your health"

Answer 338

Access to healthcare - quality of care, mistrust of system Living conditions

Question 339

Health immigrant effect

Answer 339

Immigrants are socialised into bad health Immigrants thriving when they first come - but health decline after 10 years Visible minorities in communities far away from health help Stress

Question 340

Aspects of culture

Answer 340

Language Medical cures Religion Child-rearing Food Folk-art Celebrations Manners

Question 341

2 reasons for Canada's ageing population

Answer 341

Declining fertility rates (higher % of old people) Declining morality

Question 342

Dependency-free life expectancy

Answer 342

number of years people in a given population can expect to live in good health with minor disabling health conditions

Question 343

Period between disease onset and dying is getting longer

Answer 343

false - shorter More and more are able to postpone age of onset chronic disability We all going live real long full lives then die real quick

Question 344

Which generation was like hollup ageism is present honey

Answer 344

baby boomers

Question 345

Why were mandatory retirement plans created

Answer 345

there were lots of kids & workers Gotta get the old people out of the way, free up working space for young people

Question 346

Limitations of data gathered about elderly abuse crimes (2)

Answer 346

sensitive crime - not reported (ie. out of shame) conservative data (because not everyone reports)

Question 347

What makes gen z and millennials the "sandwech generation"

Answer 347

the ageining population (living longer) - could be looking after 3 generations of people (kids, parents, grandparents)

Question 348

ageing is the physical process of getting older

Answer 348

false - also psychological and social processes associated with it

Question 349

Evaluating age: Chronologically

Answer 349

How old are you

Question 350

Evaluating age: Functionally

Answer 350

physical abilities (we peak at 20)

Question 351

Evaluating age: Spiritually

Answer 351

GETS IGNORED THE MOST attitude toward life (personality, self, socialization) flexibility

Question 352

Gerontology

Answer 352

the study of ageing

Question 353

What age groups are most discriminated against

Answer 353

younger and older

Question 354

Myths of senior citizens

Answer 354

unproductive - volunteer, politicians, childcare Disengaged - commenting online, high voter turnout Inflexible Senile

Question 355

Elders vs Elderly

Answer 355

prestigious vs perjorative

Question 356

Biggest challenge of growing old

Answer 356

Retirement - disconnection from family AND work - what is my purpose - i have no income now

Question 357

Functionalist analysis of ageing

Answer 357

Taking on the role of your age (passing on knowledge) Disengagement theory - detach from previous roles, prepare for death by adopting new roles (we take on death role later, but start thinking about death at bout 30)

Question 358

Conflict theory of ageing

Answer 358

Abuse, marginalization Representation of ages - ads showing young people at best, old people at worst

Question 359

Interactionist theory of ageing

Answer 359

Presentation of self - redefining what being a senior means (baby boomers)

Question 360

Where does a cultural norm come from?

Answer 360

Abstraction - the idea Cooperative behavior - all agree on idea Institutions - giving it physical reality

Question 361

constraining

Answer 361

feeling the influence of societal roles and structures - good: expectation of going to uni - bad: oppressive gender roles

Question 362

What in canada has made sex a matter of freedom and choice

Answer 362

- individualism and privatization

Question 363

Women have more sexual partners

Answer 363

false

Question 364

Sexual revolution (Alfred Kinsey)

Answer 364

in the 60s (do it if it feels good) - baby boomers - birth control pill Roaring 20s living apart from families, meeting new people at work Kinsey wrote a book revealing the unconventionality of sexuality (unexpected and outrageous)

Question 365

the sexual revolution was of greatest significance for men

Answer 365

false (women) - historically subjected to greater sexual regulation

Question 366

Sexual counterrevolution

Answer 366

conservative call for return to family values - limiting of sexual partners (not necessarily b/c of the conservative ideas, could be b/c of STI concerns)

Question 367

Sexual activity in high school students has gone up

Answer 367

false - gone down (do it later than previous generation) - more people having oral sex Abstinence choice still in minority

Question 368

What category has the most sex

Answer 368

married people (with their partners) and then young adults

Question 369

Men have more affairs

Answer 369

true - and its higher in older groups

Question 370

"real" men had homosexual relations in ancient greek

Answer 370

true upper-class men - considered homosexuality highest form of relationship (women inferior)

Question 371

Gay marriage became legalized in 2010 in Canada

Answer 371

no 2003

Question 372

Kessler and McKenna on Transgenderism

Answer 372

Transgender as synonymous with transsexual (want to change sex) Transgender as dinstinct from transsexual (without changing sex characteristics) Transgender as distinct from transsexual (leaving behind binary gender system)

Question 373

whos most likely to a have an unplanned pregnancy (esp when teenage?)

Answer 373

Lower level of parental education & income Non both biological parent relationship Rural teens (less access to reproductive care)

Question 374

_______ has one of the highest teen pregnancy rates of high income countries

Answer 374

US

Question 375

Sexual revolution raised teen pregnancy levels

Answer 375

false (did not) - rate was already high because people married young

Question 376

what is considered the worlds oldest profession

Answer 376

prostitution - selling of sexual services

Question 377

Women are more likely to think that prostitution should be legal

Answer 377

false - men

Question 378

Prostitution is more common _____ income countries

Answer 378

low - strong patriarchy (women limited in work options) - high risk of STIs and abuse

Question 379

Canada's Bill C-36

Answer 379

- criminalizing of buying sex (to "protect" sex workers) - but stigmatizes and increases danger

Question 380

What is the legality state of Prostitution in Canada

Answer 380

smi-illegal - pushed underground (not rlly illegal) - don't get same benefits and rights as others

Question 381

Hierarchy of sex workers (weitzer)

Answer 381

Call girls (Educated, attractive, rich) Escort agency workers (high fees, agency employed) Brothel employees (less choice about clients) Streetwalkers (Indigenous women and drug users at high risk)

Question 382

______ people tend to end up in sex work

Answer 382

gay - after being rejected by community

Question 383

There has been an increase in hookup culture

Answer 383

true - people getting married later

Question 384

______ and ______ make up disproportionate share of sexual assault victims

Answer 384

women and children

Question 385

Psychological scars get more serious the ______ the rape victim

Answer 385

younger

Question 386

Functionalist theory of sexuality

Answer 386

Regulating sexuality (when and whom) Purpose of sexuality (reproduction to intimacy to recreation to work)

Question 387

problems with Functionalist theory of sexuality

Answer 387

ignores gender (davis' analysis of prostitution focusses on benefits to men)

Question 388

interactionist theory of sexuality

Answer 388

Changing importance of virginity - weakened as society separates sex from reproduction (ie. with birth control) teaching sex ed younger and younger feelings towards sexual orientation vary from culture to culture

Question 389

social-conflict theory of sexuality

Answer 389

Uneven enforcement of prostitution - men now more likely to be arrested, used to be women defining those with less power in terms of their sexuality (devalues them) Difference in access to abortion

Question 390

the lower the economic development of a country the ________ the abortion rate

Answer 390

higher - but unsafe abortions

Question 391

culture

Answer 391

ways of thinking, acting and material objects that form a people's way of life

Question 392

nonmaterial culture

Answer 392

ideas created by members of a society (ie art)

Question 393

Material culture

Answer 393

physical things created by members of a society

Question 394

values in canada vs japan

Answer 394

canada - individualism japan - collective harmony

Question 395

Culture shock is a one way process

Answer 395

false - travellers experience and inflict it

Question 396

Humans are the one animal that rely on _________ not instinct to survive

Answer 396

culture - product of evolution (replacing instincts with culture)

Question 397

Why are languages decreasing

Answer 397

globalization, high tech communication, increasing international migration, expanding economy

Question 398

largest set of symbols

Answer 398

language - shapes reality (Sapir and Whorf) - cultural transmission (connection with time)

Question 399

Values vs beliefs vs ideology

Answer 399

values: abstract goodness standard beliefs: specific matters ideology - deeply engrained beliefs about societal norms

Question 400

if you want to stay in charge you subscribe to ideology

Answer 400

hegemony - cultural hegemony (Gramsci)

Question 401

higher income countries are more tolerant of others who are different from themselves

Answer 401

true

Question 402

Sumner (3 types of norms)

Answer 402

Folkways (norms for casual interaction) Mores (widely observed, morally significant norms) Laws (most well defined norms)

Question 403

We gain capacity to evaluate our behavior as we learn _________

Answer 403

cultural norms

Question 404

Canadian example of how material culture reflects underlying cultural values

Answer 404

Independence - we have so many cars (more than 1 for every licensed driver)

Question 405

Agriculture (society)

Answer 405

animal power energy (plow) replacing barter system with money Expansion of human choice Increase in social inequality and diversity

Question 406

Industrial society

Answer 406

production of things pushing aside family centred agraian values (large factory work under stranger supervision) reducing of economic inequality

Question 407

Primary sector in industry

Answer 407

drawing raw materials form natural environment - low income nations

Question 408

secondary sector in industry

Answer 408

transforming raw materials into manufacture goods - low and high income nations

Question 409

tertiary sector in industry

Answer 409

production of services rather than goods

Question 410

Post-industrial/information technology society

Answer 410

production of info/ideas - learning to work with symbols

Question 411

Capitalism vs socialism

Answer 411

Cap (private ownership or property & pursuit of profit) - greater income inequality - freedom to act accoridng to self inetrest - greater consumer choice Soci - collective ownership of property through government control - less income inequality - freedom from basic want - greater social safety net

Question 412

Subculture

Answer 412

patterns that set apart a segment of s population - groups of people that influecne what we see as dominant and maintsretam

Question 413

What are criticisms of multiculturalism

Answer 413

- encourages divisiveness not unity (identifying with nation) - erodes claims of universal truth - doubt it can help minorities (depoliticizing the problem)

Question 414

counterculture

Answer 414

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society (ie. hippies

Question 415

cultural integration

Answer 415

close relationship of various elements of a cultural system

Question 416

cultural lag

Answer 416

some cultural element changes more quickly than others Material culture usually changes faster than nonmaterial culture

Question 417

causes of cultural change (3) what is greatest rn

Answer 417

invention - new ideas discovery - understanding something in existance diffusion (spreading traits) - greatest rn with tech

Question 418

We should have no ethnocentrism

Answer 418

nah - we should have to some degree to be emotionally attached to our way of life

Question 419

Cultural relativism

Answer 419

judging a culture by its own standards

Question 420

Functionalist theory of culture

Answer 420

cultural patterns are rooted in a society's core values and beliefs

Question 421

Social conflict/feminist theory of culture

Answer 421

dominant cultural values serves interests of elite capitalism teaches us that the rich and powerful serve their wealth and that its natural Feminist - cultural conflict is rooted in gender (male is more important)

Question 422

How is culture a constraint

Answer 422

- habit (limits choices) - competition (isolation) - material possesions > relatiopnships

Question 423

how is culture freedom

Answer 423

forces us to make choices as we make and reshape the world for ourselves (to meet our needs)

Question 424

Pop culture change is generational

Answer 424

true

Question 425

pop culture emerges when there is growth in: (4)

Answer 425

affluence (discretionary income) industrial development (mass media) leisure time middle class (masses, spending money)

Question 426

4 defining traits of social change

Answer 426

happens all the time (though at different paces) sometimes intentional, often unplanned contraversial some changes matter more than others

Question 427

Conflict and change (marx)

Answer 427

class conflict drives societies from era to era (in order to improve life of working class) - struggle b/w capitalists and workers pushes society toward socialism

Question 428

ideas and change (weber)

Answer 428

change comes from ideas - protestant work ethic from west europe = industrial capitalism

Question 429

temporary gathering of people, share common focus of attention & influence each other

Answer 429

crowd - fairly new thing

Question 430

highly emotional crowd that pursues a violent or destructive goal

Answer 430

mob - lynching

Question 431

social eruptions that is highly emotional, violent and undirected

Answer 431

riot - social justice - power for ordinary people

Question 432

social patterns favoured by a large number of people

Answer 432

fashion - stay around long than fads (reflect individuality and sexual attractiveness)

Question 433

unconventional social pattern, people embrace briefly, enthusiastically

Answer 433

fad/craze - common in high income countries (more income to spend)

Question 434

What is a social movemnet classified by

Answer 434

who is changed how much is changed

Question 435

alterative social movement

Answer 435

limited change, little population

Question 436

redemptive social movement

Answer 436

radical change little population

Question 437

reformative social movement

Answer 437

limited change big population

Question 438

revolutionary social movement

Answer 438

radical change big population

Question 439

claims making

Answer 439

trying to convince public of the importance of a social issue

Question 440

Explaining social movements: deprivation theory

Answer 440

group feels deprived of something

Question 441

Explaining social movements: mass society theory

Answer 441

social movements attract isolated people

Question 442

Explaining social movements: culture theory

Answer 442

mobilization needs a shared understanding of symbols and injustice

Question 443

Explaining social movements: resource mobilisation theory

Answer 443

social movements need resources

Question 444

Explaining social movements: political economy theory (marx)

Answer 444

opposition to capitalism - success based on unifying of dissenting groups (not resources)

Question 445

Explaining social movements: new social movements theory

Answer 445

non unified, leaderless, raise awareness on large social issues

Question 446

4 stages in social movements

Answer 446

Emergence (idea) Coalesce (how to get attention) Bureaucracy (resources and members) Decline

Question 447

Erikson on social damage

Answer 447

its more serious when the event involves toxic substance and are caused by actions of people - feeling poisoned by something you feel you don't have control over - bikini island bomb)

Question 448

Who believes in "others will do us no harm" as a social life foundation

Answer 448

Erikson - harm causes survivors to lose trust in others

Question 449

Functionalist theory of modernity (tonnies, durkheim, weber)

Answer 449

- modernity defined by the mass scale of life now (isolation, moral uncertainty) - growth of bureaucracy (weber) - expanding state - todays leaders having more power than old monarchs

Question 450

Conflict theory of modernity

Answer 450

- modernity as a class society (capitalism pronoucning social stratification) - capitalists hold all power (control economy) - capitalism as solution to everything - naked self interest loosens social ties (marx)

Question 451

people suffer from alienattion and powerlessness, not ________ like ________ thought

Answer 451

anomie, Durkheim

Question 452

most canadians want an egalitarian society

Answer 452

no - prefer a system that reflects personal differences in talent and effort

Question 453

Douglas Coupland

Answer 453

option paralysis - giving up making a choice

Question 454

David Riesman on modernization

Answer 454

it changes social character - "other directed" (seeking approval, imitation of others, openness to trends) - identity marked by superficiality & inconsistency - normalization of shiftiness in personality to fit in anywhere (shady in traditional societies)

Question 455

Mass society says people suffer from too much _______

Answer 455

freedom

Question 456

Marcuse on science and technology

Answer 456

science and technology causes worlds problems (esp being in the hands of select few) he condemned modern society as irrational.

Question 457

Whos definition of power is "ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others"

Answer 457

Weber

Question 458

What does weber say about the longetivity of a brute force government

Answer 458

not likely to keep power for long (there isn't enough police)

Question 459

Modern authority

Answer 459

Rational legal authority bureaucratic (laws) - tied to offices/governments (PM)

Question 460

pre-industrial authority (traditional)

Answer 460

power legitimized by respect for long standing tradition - viewing rulers as godlike - monarchs passing power to heirs

Question 461

Charismatic authority

Answer 461

power legitimised by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience (not ancestry) - want to radically change society (Jesus, Hitler, Gandhi) - controversial - doesn't last

Question 462

Monarchy found in ________

Answer 462

agrarianism/societies yet to industrialize

Question 463

absolute monarch

Answer 463

power based on divine right (Saudi Arabia) - has absolute power

Question 464

Constitutional monarchy

Answer 464

Monarchs a symbol (reign), officials (voted in) rule - european societies

Question 465

Industrialization 🤝democracy

Answer 465

they both require a literate population

Question 466

reasons we don't rlly have democracy

Answer 466

- extenstive bureaucracy (not all have to answer to the people) - Money talks - political leaders are rich and are privileged in education (law) - wealth elite dominate political life

Question 467

Can economic equality and political liberty go together?

Answer 467

idk

Question 468

Soft authoritarianism

Answer 468

limited political freedom but secure and prosperous - singapore

Question 469

most intensely controlled society rule by _______ government

Answer 469

totalitarian (fascist germany and communisim)

Question 470

How is canada a totalitarian democracy

Answer 470

defending of market values b/c we need them to meet our needs, preventing opposition to capitalism itself

Question 471

How did information revolution change nation politics

Answer 471

moved them onto world stage (with media)

Question 472

Canada is a welfare state

Answer 472

jaz - providing benefits to population not as big as scandinavian queens

Question 473

________ most likely to vote liberally

Answer 473

immigrants, visible minorities, muslims, catholics, athiests and women

Question 474

_______ most likely to vote conservative

Answer 474

jews and protestants

Question 475

Party identification is strong in Canada

Answer 475

false - quite weak

Question 476

Why do special interest groups flourish in Canada

Answer 476

low political party loyalty more employment of lobbyists

Question 477

Canadians are voting now more than ever

Answer 477

false - less likely to vote compared to a century ago

Question 478

Who's least likely to vote

Answer 478

women, visible minorities, esp indigenous peoples Unemployed non homeowners younger people

Question 479

Reasons for not voting

Answer 479

disability religious beliefs forgot illness illiteracy

Question 480

how do conservatives explain voter abstention

Answer 480

people are content with how things are - indifferent to politics

Question 481

how do liberals explain voter abstention

Answer 481

reflects alienation reflects doubt that elections will make a difference - powerless and disadvataged least liekly to viote

Question 482

Prisoners can't vote in Canada

Answer 482

false they can

Question 483

Prisoners can't vote in Canada

Answer 483

false they can

Question 484

Black people make up large proprtion of incarcerated in canada

Answer 484

true

Question 485

the politcal motivation of preventing prisoners from voting

Answer 485

criminals are often from lower classes that support left-leaning parties

Question 486

Pluralist model of democracy

Answer 486

functionalist power is spread (all have some voice) Canada a democracy because of this

Question 487

power-elite model of democracy (CW mills)

Answer 487

a few rule and can't be challenged concentration of power (economy, government, military) Canada isn't a democracy b/c power is concentrated and mutes average voices

Question 488

Marxist model of democracy

Answer 488

power is directed by the operation of the capitalist economy Canada not a democracy b/c capitalism favours the few

Question 489

aim of political revolution is to turn system into a completely new one

Answer 489

true - but historically never a specific one

Question 490

4 charactertics of revolutions

Answer 490

rising expectations unresponsive government (won't reform itself) radical leadership by intellectuals estbalishing new legitmacy

Question 491

revolutions happens when peoples lives are getting worse

Answer 491

false - when they are improving

Question 492

Hobbes says ______ are the centre of reovlution

Answer 492

universiteis

Question 493

Terrosism is strong against a weak enemy

Answer 493

false - weak against strong enemy - political strategy

Question 494

4 characteristics of terrorism

Answer 494

painting violence as a legitmate political tactic used by governments on own people Democractic societies are most vulnerable (less police networks) Terrorism is a matter of definition

Question 495

slippery slope of taking action against terrorists

Answer 495

- groups often don't have connection to a state (may risk confrontation with another government) - not responding encourages other groups

Question 496

Governments usually have to force people to go to war

Answer 496

true

Question 497

5 factors that promote war (Quincy Wright)

Answer 497

perceived threats social problems (scapegoating of frusteration externally) Political objectives (increase global standing, end foreign domination) Moral objectives (frame enemy as evil tyrant) Absence of alternatives

Question 498

How is terrorism a new kind of war

Answer 498

in war parties are known to each, objectives are clear - not with terrorism - small number of attackers

Question 499

Military industrial complex

Answer 499

close association of federal government with defence industries

Question 500

framing of news according to politics

Answer 500

Critical of war - reported slow pace of conflict to increase pressure to end war Supportive of war - report rapid pace of war, downplay harm to civilians

Question 501

4 ways of pursuing peace

Answer 501

deterrence (arms race) High tech defense (installations to destroy missiles) disarmement (reducing weapons) Resolving underlying conlifct (poverty and hunger)

Question 502

Countries with welfare capitalism

Answer 502

sweden and denmark

Question 503

countries with state capitalism

Answer 503

japan and south korea

Question 504

Americans are becoming less patriarchal

Answer 504

false - more and more

Question 505

Canadians are more liekly to boast about _______ and Americans ________

Answer 505

experiences Things

Question 506

Power elite are solitary rulers

Answer 506

false - below them are politicians of middle levels of power (congress) and celebrities

Question 507

CW mills says that no one is inherently celebrated or powerful in their personality

Answer 507

true

Question 508

Three types of societies when it comes to views on cross-gender behaviour

Answer 508

approving disapproving (often of males) Neither outlawed or encouraged - more on the end of discourage

Question 509

Life-fate of modern individual depends _______ upon corporation they spend most alert hours of best years CW mills

Answer 509

increasingly

Question 510

How does CW mills say rich families are closely connected

Answer 510

legally and magerially

Question 511

Who thinks that if voting made any difference it would be illegal

Answer 511

Daniel Berrigan (modern MLKJ)

Question 512

The purpose of modern music according to theodore adorno

Answer 512

provide relief and distraction from grind of everyday life - don't think (like classical music), just enjoy

Question 513

the commodification of music (Adorno)

Answer 513

mid 20th century became a consumer product (about the profit) - emergance of rrecord comparnies

Question 514

Quotation listening (adorno)

Answer 514

Ear candy music - repeating over and over

Question 515

How are songs symbols

Answer 515

the meaning and "good" or "bad" we attach to it is based on our experiences (not about the song's merit) - limits our capacity to critically engage in what we're listening to

Question 516

Power must be seen as ______

Answer 516

legitimate - power is therefore a social relationship

Question 517

How does weber say power is legitmized in a society

Answer 517

through rules (rational legal authority)

Question 518

Category of homosexuals appeared

Answer 518

about a century ago

Question 519

According to the Davis and Moore thesis, more highly rewarded jobs tend to be those that ______

Answer 519

demand scarce talents and also extensive and expensive training

Question 520

According to Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore, some form of social stratification has been found in every known society.

Answer 520

true

Question 521

According to Weber, the most important dimension of difference between people in industrial societies is:

Answer 521

class or economic inequality

Question 522

Which factors did Karl Marx believe should form the basis of the rewards given to people in a society?

Answer 522

need and social class

Question 523

Which theory might say that minorities are often blamed for the troubles of others because they are "safe targets"?

Answer 523

scape goat theory

Question 524

The theory that powerful people use prejudice to justify their oppression of minorities is called ____________ theory.

Answer 524

conflict

Question 525

Which concept refers to society placing men and women at different social levels?

Answer 525

gender stratification

Question 526

Men are _______ times more likely than women to be victims of homicide.

Answer 526

3

Question 527

Biological codes that guide physical development are called __________________.

Answer 527

chromosomes

Question 528

Which characteristic do middle- and low-income countries have in common?

Answer 528

Both kinds of countries have considerable social inequality, with a few rich but many poor

Question 529

Political conservatives claim that society _________.

Answer 529

Can never completely limit people from realizing their dreams

Question 530

A clinical sociologist would most likely work to improve clients’ lives by focusing on ________.

Answer 530

difficulties in social relationships

Question 531

As human beings, our nature is to nurture

Answer 531

true

Question 532

Looking at consumption patterns alone may not give enough info to gain a full picture of socioeconomic status or class

Answer 532

true - porter

Question 533

society constructs race as real, different, and unequal in ways that matter to economic, political, and social life is known as ....

Answer 533

racialization - whiteness seen as normative

Question 534

lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group.

Answer 534

anomie - durkheim

Question 535

The beliefs held by members of the Catholic faith, the philosophy of Confucianism, and the requirements for graduation from college are all examples of __________.

Answer 535

non material culture

Question 536

Technology is defined as __________.

Answer 536

knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings

Question 537

Verstehen

Answer 537

interpretive sociology

Question 538

Which sociologist highlighted the power of technology to shape society?

Answer 538

Gerhard Lenski

Question 539

At what point did a dramatic increase in inequality occur?

Answer 539

discovery of agriculture

Question 540

The fact that travellers throughout the world now find similar patterns of dress, familiar corporate advertising, and the same popular music in cities as far apart as Seoul, Cairo, London, Madras, New York City, and Mexico City indicates the emergence of a(n) __________.

Answer 540

global culture

Question 541

What kind of sociological approach is this statement In a capitalist society, people learn to define personal happiness in terms of material possessions.

Answer 541

social conflict

Question 542

Competitive achievement promotes excellence, but it causes __________.

Answer 542

isolation from others

Question 543

The readings in this chapter suggest that one fairly accurate way to estimate the number of cultures in Canada is to ___________.

Answer 543

count the number of languages spoken in Canada

Question 544

Collective consicnece (norms and values) person

Answer 544

Durkheim