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SOCI 101 > SOCI Final (2nd half of class) > Flashcards

SOCI Final (2nd half of class) Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Stratification (SS)

A

How a society ranks categories of people into a hierarchy

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2
Q

How does SS affect peoples life chances (1)

A

Access to important resources (food, shelter, education, employment)

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3
Q

It takes about 2 generations for a low-income family to reach the average income of OECD nations

A

False
- its takes about 4-5 generations

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4
Q

Principle features of SS (3)

A
  1. Persists over generations
  2. It’s universal but variable
    - the amount, type, definition, practice of and reason for inequality varies from society to society
  3. SS involves inequality & beliefs
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5
Q

Social Mobility

A

Change in position within social hierarchy

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6
Q

Social mobility is only used when referring to some one’s social status being elevated

A

False
- it can refer to up, down and horizontal movement in a hierarchy

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7
Q

Only industrialized socities show signs of stratification

A

False
- all socities and groups are stratified

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8
Q

Ethnicity is a fully ascribed trait

A

False
- its not totally fixed, depends on where ur born

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9
Q

Talent can be either an ascribed or achieved trait

A

True

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10
Q

Characteristics of an open Society (3)

A
  1. Meritocracy (if you work hard enough you can move up)
    - but still a mix of ascribed and achieved traits
  2. Stratification based on work type prestige
  3. Blurring the lines of class distinction (particularly middle class)
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11
Q

Why did meritocracy develop as a result of industrialization?

A

industrial societies need to develop broad range of abilities and knowledge (specialization - people choosing what they want to contribute) - no set roles (a job will be performed by those who are best for it)

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12
Q

Why is meritocracy a slay (2)

A
  1. People have greater independence and choice over their lives (career, spouse etc)
  2. It promotes productivity and efficiency (working hard to achieve what you want)
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13
Q

Why would a pure meritocracy be a no slay (4)

A
  1. Ongoing social mobility would blur social categories
  2. Dissociating of social groups
  3. If there was no competition/concept of winners/losers and its accompanying rewards/consequences, highly specialized professions like surgery would be chaos
  4. Industrial societies esp need to keep some element of caste to maintain order and social unity
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13
Q

d

A
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14
Q

Industrialized societies rely more on prestige (in work types) than other societies

A

True
- Industrialized societies are meritocratic so status is partly based on your effort and talent

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15
Q

Why is stratified society a good thing for society? (3)

A
  1. Incentivises us to do things (to be rewarded)
  2. Upholds meaning + order
  3. Competition (winners + losers)
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16
Q

The greater possibility of social mobility means greater probability as well

A

false

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17
Q

Davis-Moore Thesis (Functionalist analysis of SS)

A

Social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of a society

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18
Q

Karl Marx on SS

A

Says SS is problematic
Goes off on capitalism as per usual
- Capitalist society reproduces the class structure in each new generation
- Capitalism makes owners richer

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19
Q

Characteristics of a Closed society/Caste System (4)

A
  1. Stratification based on ascribed traits
    • Wastes human potential - individualism not present
  2. Stratification based on cultural beliefs (ie. India’s based on Hindu moral duties)
  3. Demands endogamous marriage
    - keeping people with their “own kind”
  4. Pretty much impossible to move up or down class ladder
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20
Q

Caste systems are unstable and messy structures

A

False
- they are stable and orderly

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21
Q

Why are caste/closed society systems found in agrarian societies? (3)

A
  1. Agriculture demands lifelong routine of hard work (discipline and willingness to keep same jobs as parents)
  2. People in rural areas have less choices for work and spouses
  3. Farming is open to everyone (don’t need to be highly skilled/trained)
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22
Q

India’s caste system is still practiced, but only in rural areas

A

True
- outlawed formally 70 years ago

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23
Q

4 major castes in India

A

Each have hundreds of jatis/sub caste groups
1. Brahmin
2. Kshatriya
3. Vaishya
4. Sudra

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24
Q

Name of South African caste

A

Apartheid
- racial separation instituded by whites

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25
Q

Apartheid legacy (3)

A

In South Africa:
1. 1/7 people live on less than $2/day
2. 30% unemployment rate for adults
3. Economy still dominated by whites

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26
Q

How does ascription shape peoples lives (4)

A
  1. Generations of a family in a particular caste will do the same work
  2. Marriage partners are determined by the respective families
  3. Everyday life is structured such that there is no ‘mixing’ (stay on rung)
  4. Legitimacy is founded on deep cultural norms/beliefs (ideology)
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27
Q

Caste system definition

A

Social stratification based on ascription/birth

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28
Q

Class system definition

A

Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement

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29
Q

The richest 20% of the global population has 95% of global income

A

false
- Richest 20% of global population have 67% of global income

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30
Q

Poorest 20% have 2% of global income

A

true

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31
Q

Why is the first, second, third world labelling system not useful today? (2)

A
  1. it was product of cold war politics
    • Capitalist west (first world) vs socialist east (second) & third on sidelines
    • Now Distinctive 2nd world doesn’t exist
  2. it lumps more than 100 countries into “third world”
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32
Q

What is a better way to group countries together (that isn’t 1st, 2nd, 3rd world terminology)? Why?

A

Talk about countries in terms of income

  1. High income countries
  2. Middle-income countries
  3. Low-income countries
  • This system focusses on economic development (more relevant today) rather than political structure
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33
Q

High income countries

A

nations with highest overall standards of living

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34
Q

Middle-income countries

A

nations with about average standard of living

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35
Q

Low-income countries

A

nations with a low standard of living, most are poor

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36
Q

Nations where industrial revolution have more than 2 centuries ago are generally less productive now because of how much time has lapsed since.

A

False
- Nations where industrial revolution happened >2 centuries ago, productivity went 100x
- ie. Japan: more economically productive than entire African continent S of Sahara

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37
Q

Poor in NA are generally economically better off than half the world

A

true

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38
Q

Middle-income countries make up most of the land in the world

A

False
- High-income countries make up the largest % of land in the world

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39
Q

Low income countries make up most of the worlds population

A

False
- Middle income countries make up the largest % of the worlds population

Note: high population density in low income countries

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40
Q

Why are rich nations so productive? (2)

A
  1. Advanced technology
  2. Control of the global economy
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41
Q

Many of todays middle-income countries’ economies are socialist

A

False
- many used to have socialist economies
- now more are free-market systems (capitalism)

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42
Q

Most low-income countries are agrarian with some industry

A

True

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43
Q

Though it is invisibilised, poverty is more severe in rich countries

A

false
- poverty more severe in poor countries

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44
Q

Canadians have the highest quality of life (based on income, education, longevity)

A

False - this title belongs to Norwegians

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45
Q

1/10 children in low income countries don’t make it to age 5

A

True ;(

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46
Q

Poverty is greatest in Sub sahara

A

True

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47
Q

All 12 nations with the highest rates of infant mortality are in Asia

A

False
- in Africa

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48
Q

Children in Poverty (4)

A
  1. High disease risk
  2. High pregnancy risk (for girls)
  3. High violence risk
  4. Miss out on school (have to provide income for family)
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49
Q

Males under the age of 12 make up the majority of sweatshop workers

A

False
- Women make up majority of sweatshop workers

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50
Q

Women in poverty (2)

A
  1. Tradition makes women responsible for child rearing
  2. No reproductive health care
    - high birth rates which limits economic production of country
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51
Q

Gender inequality is greater in low-income countries

A

true

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52
Q

Older, single men more susceptible to poverty

A

False
- Older, single women are more susceptible to poverty

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53
Q

Only a few thousand people globally experience a form of slavery today

A

False
- roughly 20 million people live in slavery conditions

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54
Q

Descent based slavery

A

Owner owns slave and offspring, generally involves the enslavement of people of one ethnic group

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55
Q

Forced-labour slavery

A

imposed by state (ie. criminal violations),
- China if ur a prostitute

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56
Q

Leasing of convicts for work is cheaper than descent-based slavery

A

True

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57
Q

Child slavery

A

poor families send kids out to beg, steal or work in production

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58
Q

Debt bondage slavery

A

Ie. sweatshops
workers given wages is less than that of their food & housing prices
- always in debt, can’t repay

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59
Q

Marriage slavery

A

women married off against will, slave for husband family, sex work

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60
Q

Human trafficking

A

promise of a job but instead forced to become prostitutes or perform farm labour

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61
Q

Trading people (human trafficking) is one of the greatest profits to organized crime

A

True

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62
Q

Explanations of Global Poverty (5)

A
  1. Lack of technology: economic production
  2. Population growth: birth rates
  3. Social Stratification: wealth distribution
  4. Gender Inequality: women raise lotta kids
  5. Global power relationships
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63
Q

Africa population projected to double every 25 years

A

true

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64
Q

A societies living standards depends heavily on women’s social standing

A

True
- If women aren’t given opportunties to work they will be forced to stay at home (why not have a lot of kids)
- greater population = slower economic development

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65
Q

Colonialism

A

nation enriched by political/economical control of other nations

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66
Q

Neocolonialism

A

economic exploitation by multinational corporations (large business operating in many countries)

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67
Q

Examples of neocolonialism (2)

A
  1. Owners impose will on countries they do business with to create favourable economic conditions for their operation
  2. Buying property in poor nations (ie. China’s “friendship farms” in Africa)
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68
Q

3 statuses in Aristocratic England

A
  1. First Estate
  2. Second Estate
  3. Third Estate
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69
Q

First Estate in Aristocratic England

A

Highest church officials
- lived in palaces
- power to shape politics

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70
Q

Second Estate in Aristocratic England

A

Royalty/hereditary nobility
- No occupations (just rode horses, learned war, art, music, literature stuff)

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71
Q

Gendered stuff in Aristocratic england
Second Estate (3)

A
  1. All property passed to oldest son/male relation
  2. Younger sons would become leaders in church (tying the two together), military officers, judges
  3. Women depended on marrying well for her security
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72
Q

Law of primogeniture

A

Pertaining to Second estate in Aristocractic England
- all property passed to oldest son/male relation

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73
Q

Third Estate in Aristocratic England

A

Commoners
- worked land of those in 1st and 2nd estate
- little schooling, largely illiterate

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74
Q

How did industrialization help those in third estate aristocratic england slay (2)

A
  1. Rise of the class system/meritocracy (blurring of differences between aristocrats and commoners)
    • schooling expansion, legal rights
  2. All this empowered some to make enough to challenge nobility
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75
Q

Why are the british sometimes referred to as “a single people divided by a common language”

A

The importance attached to linguistic accents
- “the King’s English vs sepaking “like commoners”

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76
Q

Can any society be truly classless?

A

Nope

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77
Q

Russian revolution effects on class

A
  1. Transferred productive property from private ownership to state control (gave greater economic equality)

Boasted of being a “classless society” (but nope)

  1. In a single generation, USSR became industrial, with near elimination of homelessness and unemployment & provision of free education and health care
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78
Q

4 categories of Russia’s class

A
  1. High government officials (Apparatchiks)
    - political power concentrated here
  2. Soviet intelligentsia
    - lower government, professors, scientists
  3. Manual workers
  4. Rural peasantry
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79
Q

Gorbachez’s suggestions of restructuring (perestroika) Russian federation

A
  1. He saw that living standards lagged behind other industrial nations
  2. Reduce centralization economical control to generate economic growth
  3. Led to a reformation of people blaming poverty on communist ruling class
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80
Q

Results of perestroika (Russian reformation in 1980s) to Russian society

A
  1. Toppled socialist government in 1989
  2. Soviet Union collapsed in 1991
    - something similar to great depression because of so much structural social mobility
  3. Increased poverty and decreased lifespan
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81
Q

Social mobility in “classless” societies (ie. Russia)

A

A lot of upward social mobility (USSR in 20th century)
- expanding industry drawing peasants out of rural areas into factories

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82
Q

Structural social mobility

A

a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts
- ie. as a result of industrialization

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83
Q

4 categories of China’s society

A
  1. political elite (who rule country)
  2. Managers and skilled professionals
  3. Industrial workers
  4. Rural peasants
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84
Q

Overall, China’s population has experienced structural downward mobility over the past 4 decades

A

False
- In general China’s population has experienced structural upward mobility by 10%/year with economic expansion over 4 decades

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85
Q

Hai gui

A

China’s society:
- “returned from overseas” increasing in # as many return from international educations

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86
Q

Economic/income ineuqality in China is decreasing

A

False
- China has seen an Increase in economic inequality (more and more business and political elite members become mill/billionaires)

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87
Q

Current Communist party leader of China Xi Jingping declares all work to be equally important

A

False
- It was Parter leader Mao Zedong (in the 20th century) who declared all work to be equally important (no official social classes, but ofc social differences remained)

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88
Q

Social hierarchies are maintained by ideology

A

True
- maintained by cultural beliefs that justify social arrangements

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89
Q

Belief is ideological if it supports inequality by defining it as fair

A

True
- ie. rich = smart, poor = lazy

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90
Q

Plato on ideology

A

every culture considers some type of inequality fair

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91
Q

Marx on ideology

A

more critical than Plato
1. blames capitalism for defending wealth/power in hands of the few & allows money to stay in families
2. Culture and institutions support society’s elite and consequently, hierarchies

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92
Q

Caste systems are associated with capitalist & industrial societies because hierarchy and organization is needed to maintain structure

A

False
- Meritocracy & class systems are associated with industrial/capitalist societies
- they rely on specialization and competition based on skill/merit for all the new jobs

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93
Q

Caste systems are typical of agrarian societies

A

tru dat

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94
Q

Compare and contrast how poor are treated in Industrial vs Feudalist societies

A

given charity under feudalism & looked down on as undeserving in industrial societies

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95
Q

Herbert Spencer (2)

A
  1. Coined “the survival of the fittest” (from darwinism)
    - Incorrectly applied this to society (which doesn’t follow biological principles)
  2. opposed social welfare (penalized “best” through taxes, reward “worst”)
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96
Q

Structural Functional Theory of Inequality (person(s))

A

Davis & Moore

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97
Q

Social Conflict theory of inequality (person(s))

A

Marx and lil Weber

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98
Q

Structural Functional Theory of Inequality (Davis & Moore)

A
  • Social stratification has beneficial consequences for society’s operation
  • Stratification exists to show that crucial positions must be offered enough rewards to draw talented people away from less important work
    - unequal rewards benefit society as a whole (encourages productivity & efficiency)
    - Equality says that a job poorly and well done should be rewarded equally
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99
Q

What does Tumin argue against Davis & Moore’s functionalist theory of social inequality?

A

this theory can ignore how caste element of social stratification can prevent development of individual talent

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100
Q

Social Conflict Theory (Marx & a lil bit of Weber)

A
  • Social stratification benefits some and disadvantages other
    - Marx → Social stratification is rooted in people’s relation to means of production
    Owners (capitalists/bourgeoisie) and workers (proletarians)
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101
Q

What was Marx’s prediction about the end of capitalism

A
  • capitalism destroy itself (working majority to overthrow capitalists)
    - Proposed a socialist system (meet needs of
    all)
  • Capitalism produces alienation
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102
Q

Why was there no marxist revolution? (as he predicted) (4)

A
  • Fragmentation of capitalist class (millions of stockholders rather than single families own companies)
  • Higher standard of living (higher income, less hours)
  • More worker organizations (unions, strikes rights)
  • Greater legal projections (safety/financial security)
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103
Q

This century sees a greater percentage of white collar workers (compared to blue collar workers in last century)

A

true

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104
Q

This century sees a greater percentage of white collar workers (compared to blue collar workers in last century)

A

true

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105
Q

Wealth is quite evenly distributed in Canada

A

False - it remains highly concentrated

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106
Q

There are now lower rates of unemployment, downsizing, budgets cutting & job benefits in Canada

A

false

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107
Q

Marx’s class model

A

Stratification is about economy
1. Owners (capitalists/bourgeoisie)
2. workers (proletarians)

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108
Q

Weber’s 3 dimensions of inequality (multidimensional)

A

Stratification is about culture
- Economic position (class) - how much $$ you make
- agrarian societies
- Social prestige (status) - respect
- economic class in industrial/capitalist societies
- Power (party) - ability to achieve goals despite
- bureaucratic/socialist societies

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109
Q

Marx’s thoughts on socialism

A

abolish capitalism to eliminate social stratification, replace with socialism

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110
Q

Webers thoughts on socialism

A

socialism’s expanding government & concentration of power would increase inequality

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111
Q

Marx & weber treat social stratification as a micro-level issue

A

false
- they look at it from a macro perspective

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112
Q

People tend to live/socialize with similar people (because of SS)

A

True

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113
Q

Symbolic interaction theory of social inequality

A
  • Conspicuous consumption
  • we size people up by looking for clues to their social standing
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114
Q

Conspicuous consumption

A

consuming product b/c of its attachment to social position
→ showing off status through buying things

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115
Q

Thorsten Veblen

A

Associated with conspicuous consumption

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116
Q

The Jazz age (1920s)

A
  • beginning of consumerism ig
  • quantity is the best
  • Challenges concept of authenticity - we can change things so fast so what is real? (anomie)
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117
Q

Consumerism is independent of pop culture

A

False
- Consumerism has always been at the centre of pop culture

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118
Q

Pop culture as a political space (for good and bad)

A

Focus on on youth as consumers (up to age 25)
- concern comes b/c people are scared what’s
happening to youth
Infused with gender & race
-Fear in 1920s was esp about how women were
dressing

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119
Q

Hunting and gathering societies

A

no categories better off

Simple technology, produce for needs, survival based on sharing
teach us ties to the natural environment

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120
Q

Horticultural, Pastoral & Agrarian Societies

A

Social inequality increases as technological advances create a surplus in work

Small elite (godlike) control most of surplus, agriculture more productive

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121
Q

Social inequality greatest in Horticultural, Pastoral & Agrarian Societies

A

true

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122
Q

Gerhard Lenski on Horticultural, Pastoral & Agrarian societies

A

advancing technology initially increases SS

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123
Q

Marxist revolutions occurred in Industrial Societies as he predicted

A

false they happened in agrarian societies

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124
Q

Industrial Societies

A

Inequality moves downward
- meritocracy weakens elite power, wealth less concentrated
- Higher living standard, specialized work reduces illiteracy
- women voicing political views

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125
Q

Income inequality today is similar to that of….

A

1920
- 1990 was a slay though

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126
Q

Post-industrial Societies

A

Upturn in economic inequality

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127
Q

Kuznets Curve (Simon Kuznets)

A

Trend of how technological advances first increase but then moderate intensity of SS
-Agrarian societies function better with greater inequality
- Industrial societies function better in a more equal system

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128
Q

There is more income inequality in nations where a larger share of the labour force is farming

A

true
- less in High-income, post industrial nations

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129
Q

Criticism of Kuznets Curve

A

Canada shows increase in economic inequality suggesting the curve may need revision

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130
Q

Income inequality reflects society’s political & economic priorities

A

true

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131
Q

Canada had a rigid distinct ranking caste system once in history

A

false
- don’t forget the racism though

canada is still highly stratified
- rich get the best of it all, millions in poverty
- Many think of Canada as “middle-class” where people are more or less alike

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131
Q

Canada had a rigid distinct ranking caste system once in history

A

false
- don’t forget the racism though

canada is still highly stratified
- rich get the best of it all, millions in poverty
- Many think of Canada as “middle-class” where people are more or less alike

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132
Q

Income

A

earnings from work/investments

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133
Q

Wealth

A

total value of money, mutual funds & assets minus debts

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134
Q

How does wealth concentration weaken democracy

A

Democracy becomes a system that serves interests of the super rich

 - Those who control much of the wealth also control/shape the society’s agenda
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135
Q

Occupational Prestige varies from time to time and varies within high income nations

A

False
- its Constant in high-income nations and over time

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136
Q

High ranking jobs are dominated by men

A

true

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137
Q

lower-ranking jobs are dominated by racial minorities

A

true

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138
Q

What is occupational prestige based on? (3)

A

income

level of training

skill/ability

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139
Q

60% of degree holders are women

A

true

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140
Q

visible minorities & immigrants tend to have higher level of education

A

true
- but still income disparity

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141
Q

there are more single-parent families among Indigenous peoples

A

true

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142
Q

There is high status consistency in Canada

A

false
- position may change over lifetime (blurry middle class)

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143
Q

Capitalists in Canada

A

owners of production means
- Business owners, top officials (historically white)

Source of income (primarily inherited) - stock/bond shares, real estate

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144
Q

Upper uppers (old upper class/blue bloods/society)

A

Queen Elizabeth

  • Practically always because of birth (old money), live in exclusive neighborhoods
  • Women work charities, help larger community, broadens elite power & network
  • make up smallest portion of canadian pop
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145
Q

HNWI

A

high net worth individuals
ie. queen lizzy

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146
Q

Lower uppers (new upper class/working rich)

A

JK Rowling

Some of the richest in the world
Earn money not inheriting it
Can’t enter associations of “old money” families

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147
Q

Middle Class

A

Largest portion of Canada

  • influence on culture
  • highly represented in media (average consumers)
  • Build up small wealth over working lives (house/retirement account)
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148
Q

What class in Canada are More seeking post-secondary credentials in?

A

Middle class

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149
Q

Upper middle class

A

you bitch

Upper-middles (fairly nice houses, multiple cars, build investments)
High prestige occupations
Children attend university
Influence local political affairs

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150
Q

Average middle class

A

Less prestigious white-collar jobs or highly skilled blue collar jobs

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151
Q

Working class

A
  • blue collar workers are Marx’s industrial proletariat
  • Little to no wealth, vulnerable to financial problems (unemployment & illness)
  • Little personal satisfaction in discipline not imagination/independence centred jobs
  • Precarious employment
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152
Q

From highest to lowest percentage of Canadians name the classes

A

Middle class, working class, lower class, lower-upper, upper-upper

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153
Q

Precarious employment

A

few benefits like medical insurance and pension plans
- Jobs not guaranteed to be kept long term
- Most people are going to have 4-5 careers

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154
Q

Lower Class

A
  • low income
  • insecure & difficult lives
  • Working poor → Low prestige jobs with little satisfaction and income
  • Segregated (esp racial & ethnic minorities) by Canadian society
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155
Q

The higher the social standing the less confidence you have because of the pressure on you

A

false
more confidence (others see them as having more importance)

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156
Q

Old rich values

A
  • strong sense of family history (position based on inherited money)
  • Don’t need to prove who they are - understated manners & tastes
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157
Q

New rich values

A

engage in conspicuous consumption

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158
Q

Why is the working class more socially conservative?

A

grew up in greater supervision & discipline
- they are economically conservative

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159
Q

Why is the upper class more socially liberal?

A

Affluent with greater education & financial security

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160
Q

Why is the upper class more economically conservative

A

to protect wealth

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161
Q

Lower class are more involved in politics (voting, joining political organizations)

A

false
- well off are like this

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162
Q

Compare and contrast children of working vs upper class

A

Working class
- conform to norms, respect authority, boundaries
- work in jobs requiring them to follow rules

High income
- flexible, develop individuality

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163
Q

Friendships in working class vs upper

A

Working class - friendships as sources of material assistance
Higher incomes - friendships involved shared interest & leisure pursuits

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164
Q

Marriage in working vs upper class

A

Working class couples → traditional gender roles
Middle class → egalitarian with greater intimacy

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165
Q

Social mobility has to do with individual change

A

false
Social mobility more to do with changes in society
- ie. industrialization: expanding of economy, higher living standards
- outsourcing of jobs (factories close) = downward structural social mobility

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166
Q

Examples of experiencing upward social mobility

A

getting a PSI degree, high paying job, marrying rich

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167
Q

Examples of experiencing downward social mobility

A

dropping out, losing job, becoming divorced (esp for women)

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168
Q

Examples of experiencing downward social mobility

A

dropping out, losing job, becoming divorced (esp for women)

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169
Q

Keister study of social mobility

A

jaz

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170
Q

those at the bottom are most likely to experience no social mobility (keister study)

A

true
- Largest % of people who “stayed put” were at either extreme

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171
Q

there is more pronounced mobility in middle ranges of income (keister study)

A

true

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172
Q

Men are more likely to have same work type as dad

A

true

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173
Q

Compared to Canada, Australia and Nordic countries, where is social mobility lower?

A

UK, US, France, S. Europe

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174
Q

Horizontal social mobility

A

changing jobs at same class level

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175
Q

It is the exception that will experience social mobility compared to their parents

A

false
- 80% of kids show some type of social mobility in relation to their parents

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176
Q

Social mobility is high in a single generation

A

false
within a single generation, social mobility is usually small (not large interclass mvmt)

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177
Q

Long-term and short-term trend of social mobility

A

Long-term trend in social mobility has been upward (but shows signs of ending)
Short-term trend (since ‘07) in social mobility has been downward (middle class shrink)

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178
Q

Real minimum wage has been virtually unchanged since 70s

A

true - staleld earnings

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179
Q

Expanding global economy has increased income for all

A

false
- More jobs now offer little income
- less high paying factory jobs & more service jobs
- Increase of low-paying jobs brought downward mobility for middle

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179
Q

Expanding global economy has increased income for all

A

false
- has increased increased and upward social mobility for educated people
- More jobs now offer little income
- less high paying factory jobs & more service jobs (pays less)
- Increase of low-paying jobs brought downward mobility for middle

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180
Q

Median Canadian family income has increased for all

A

true
- but gap has gotten bigger b/w top & bottom

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181
Q

There is less industry in Canada

A

true
we are consumers of technology made in ie. Asia

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182
Q

Relative poverty

A
  • deprivation of resources that is life harming
    • invisible
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183
Q

Absolute poverty

A

lack of resources that is life-threatening (750 million globally)

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184
Q

How does Canada measure poverty rate

A

LICO (Low-income Cut-off): family spends over 60% of after-tax income on necessities
LIM (Low-Income Measure): 50% of national median income
MBM (Market Basket Measure): cost of things to maintain physical health

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185
Q

Who is more at risk of poverty?

A

elderly, woman, single parent family, visible minority, Indigenous

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186
Q

Visible minorities make up the majority of Canadians people in poverty

A

false
majority is white, but visible minorities have higher odds (in relation to population)
- Highest rates of poverty for children are on-reserve kids in Manitoba & Saskatchewan

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187
Q

Order of visible minorities in poverty (most to less)

A

Arab Canadians, Korean Canadians, Indigenous peoples

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188
Q

Feminization of poverty

A

more households headed by single women
- more likely to be in poverty if single parent and womand
- more women living in poverty (of all ages)

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189
Q

Poverty is higher in rural areas than urban

A

false
- Poverty higher in urban than rural (more hidden & no infrastructures to service poor in rural areas)

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190
Q

“New Homeless”

A

people thrown out of work, escaping domestic violence, rent increases

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191
Q

Liberal thoughts on welfare

A

its a bandaid approach
- Amounts spent on welfare are nothing compared to tax write offs for RRSPs
- left want to improve and expand social assistance

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192
Q

Conservative thoughts on welfare

A
  • makes country broke
  • Worsened poverty: Eroded traditional family
  • doesn’t help non-working women make transition to self-sufficiency, encourages out-of-wedlock births
  • Government assistance undermines self-reliance
  • welfare should be redesigned into work-for-welfare programs
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193
Q

People in poverty thoughts on welfare

A

its degrading and confusing

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194
Q

Is the Canadian dream rlly a thing

A

Canadian dream - make the effort, economic security, improve social standing

No
- there is more income inequality
- the myth of if you work hard you can get ahead

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195
Q

More and more Canadians are identifying as middle class

A

false
- less are

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196
Q

Marx says that capitalist society reproduces ________ in each new generation

A

Class structure (you are owner or worker)

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197
Q

There is a trend of more courses for less money in public uni

A

False
Less for more
Higher tuition, fewer courses

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198
Q

Political party

A
  • macro-structure demanding change be made
  • Weber recognized that mass change happens when people collect and form political parties
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199
Q

Who’s classifications of stratification influence our national census questions?

A

Weber (dimensions of class, status and power)
- how much do you make, what is your job

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200
Q

Socioeconomic status

A
  • A profile based on various dimensions of social inequality (income, education, occupational prestige)
  • A set of cultural beliefs we’ve been socialized with
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201
Q

Contradictory class locations

A

Contradiction is that you have lots of skills + income but you aren’t the owner
- most of middle class occupies this

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202
Q

Erik Olin Wright

A

Contradictory class locations

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203
Q

Classism

A

A belief that those in higher classes are inherently superior (values, behavior, lifestyle)

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204
Q

Intergenerational Mobility

A
  • Mobility of a family’s children and grandchildren
    - Kids will generally do better than their parents
  • Status anxiety
    - Will I do as well as my parents
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205
Q

Intragenerational mobility

A

Mobility of people in their lifetime
- Ie. if you’re gen z - how are you doing relative to other gen z’s

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206
Q

Why is the middle class shrinking

A
  • its invisible (blurred)
  • increasingly going into debt
  • same amount of money for smaller portions
  • We’re being resocialized to learn what middle class is
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207
Q

How are we being resocialized to learn what middle class is:

A

Old vs Modern
- Wanting to buy a house vs condo/renting
- Having 2 cars vs biking, transiting
- Privacy vs work/leisure blending

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208
Q

Pierre Bourdieu

A
  • Book: “Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste” (1979)
  • Interested in taste (food, movies, literature)
    - We can tell social classes based on what we see
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209
Q

Pierre Bourdieu on taste

A
  • A practice that gives people a sense of their place in the social world/order
  • Humour, food, friends, leisure activities, what we’re comfortable saying, neighbourhoods, social media
  • Middle class people going to middle class restaurants because it feels more “them”
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210
Q

All types of capital are intimately related to one another and are represented symbolically

A

true
read it again marie i know you skipped it

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211
Q

Economic capital

A

Financial resources
Marx

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212
Q

Cultural capital

A

Strategies of thinking, ways of speaking

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213
Q

Social capital

A

Your network: Knowing the right people (who will help you get various opportunities)

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214
Q

Social capital

A

Your network: Knowing the right people (who will help you get various opportunities)

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215
Q

Symbolic capital

A

Credentialism
Stuff (material objects)
- What you wear
- Where you live
-Where you go to school

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216
Q

Attributional symbols

A

Symbols that represents capital we actually possess (Bsc, UBC)

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217
Q

Aspirational symbols

A

Using symbols that represent what we hope to achieve/become (UBC 2026)
- Knock off brands

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218
Q

Unionization is going up in industrialized countries

A

FASLE

219
Q

Billionaire club is growing

A

True
- we legitmize their practices by consuming their products
- watching yacht club reality tv shows

220
Q

Protestant ethic (weber says slay?)

A

How to get to Heaven DIY
- Work hard
- Save your money
- Be honest
- Suffer through work that you don’t like doing

221
Q

Criminalizing poverty

A
  • making it illegal to live in your car (parking in residential neighborhoods)
    • Poverty disproportionately affects women and people of color
      Poverty is inherited (generational)
222
Q

subjective poverty

A
  • deprivation of resources in relation to others (ie. based on where we live)
223
Q

Food Insecurity

A

Inability to obtain sufficient, nutritious, personally acceptable food through normal food chanells or the uncertainty that one will be able to do so

224
Q

Kraft Dinner article

A
  • Comfort for food-secure (have all the resources to cook it, feel good donating)
    • Discomfort for food-insecure (don’t got all resources to cook, symbol of poverty)
  • food banks as a thing for rich to do to make themselves feel betetr
225
Q

Why do we blame the poor for poverty

A
  • individualising of problems
    - cultural value on self-reliance
  • Canada’s values of competitive individualism and personal responsibility
    -people should receive rewards proportional to abilities and efforts
226
Q

Explaining poverty: Blame the poor

A
  • Lazy/don’t work hard enough
    - Trapped in a culture of poverty (destroys ambition to improve life)
  • Poor impulse control, planning skills, decision making (school, budgeting)
  • Substance abuse (saying its purely a choice)
    • Learned helplessness
227
Q

Neoliberalism

A

transfer of government control to private actors (forces sufficiency)
- does not like expanded welfare program (discourages sufficiency)
Leaders who supported neoliberalism brought down social spending

228
Q

Explaining poverty: blame society

A

William Julius Wilson

  • Loss of jobs in cities (available jobs off only low wages)
  • housing not affordable
  • Discrimination
  • Lack of trying of the poor b/c of little opportunity
  • Closing down of mental institutions in recent decades
229
Q

William Julius Wilson

A

says government should take lead in funding jobs, child care
- In light of recent recession, cuts to welfare & higher income inequality
- Limited government support for lower-income people

230
Q

The working poor

A

Those experiencing poverty working full time in precarious employment

231
Q

post uni graduation the gender wage gap closes as time goes on

A

false
- it increases

wage gap is invisible

232
Q

Nellie McClung

A

Struggled for women’s rights in 1870s

233
Q

Goldwin Smith

A

Toronto journalist
- Giving women right to vote would lead to “national emasculation”
- Protested right of women to enter universities

234
Q

Males tend to do better in math and writing, women in reading

A

false
Males do better in mathematics & reading, females in writing

235
Q

Why were women denied the vote

A

it was assumed they didn’t have enough intelligence
- reflection of cultural patterns at the time

236
Q

Margaret Mead’s Research on gender

A

If gender is biological everyone should define it similarly
Culture is key to gender distinctions
- new guinea found different gender roles

237
Q

Israeli Kibbutz research on gender

A

no gendered adult and kid roles

238
Q

George Murdock’s Research

A

With simple technology, pre-industrial societies assign roles reflecting physicality

239
Q

Women have the highest social standing in Nordic countries and Holland

A

true
- low in mali, chad

240
Q

Examples of institutional sexism

A
  • women highly concentrated in low-paying jobs
  • excusing of violence (more in the past)
241
Q

What does patriarchy cost men?

A
  • masculinity encouraging driving stupid, dangerous sports, substances
    • Suicide, violence & stress related diseases
    • Type A associated with masculine impatience, competitiveness, heart disease
242
Q

Gendered way of handling infants

A

cuddles for girls, air throws for boys

243
Q

Women dominate sociology field

A

true

244
Q

The beauty myth

A

striving to be physically attractive to men is key to women’s happiness
- Motivates men to think of women as objects/status symbols

in advertising
- Men taller (women sitting) focus on products being advertised, women watch men

245
Q

Change in labour force (in gender section)

A
  • less farming/kids
    • higher divorce rate
      • city growth
      • neoliberalism
246
Q

5 c’s/pink collar jobs

A

caring, clerical, catering, cashiering, cleaning

247
Q

Women fare worse in the public sector of government

A

false
- in the private sector

248
Q

Women have a higher level of unemployment

A

false
- Men higher level of unemployment (men in factory jobs that have moved abroad)

249
Q

Gendered earning differences are less in younger workers

A

true
- both genders have similar schooling

250
Q

What jobs does the wage Gap increase in?

A

medical fields and even greater in retail sales supervisors

251
Q

Why do women earn less?

A
  • The type of work they do
    • Being behind when they return to labour force after raising kids
    • Women more likely to take time off from work to care for parents
    • General discrimination (practiced subtly)
252
Q

What is the policy of “comparable worth” and who has adopted it

A
  • paying people according to skill & responsibility in work

Have been adopted by Canada, Great Britain & Australia

253
Q

The “second shift”

A

Some women work outside the home for pay and then come home and also clean the house

Amount of housework women do has decreased but share has stayed the same
Women have less leisure time (marital stress)
- job & housework

254
Q

Agnes Macphail

A

first woman member of parliament

255
Q

Kim Campbell

A

canadas first female PM

256
Q

Elizabeth May

A

only female federal leader on parliament hill

257
Q

before 1960, Indigenous people had to give up treaty rights or status to vote

A

true

258
Q

Captain Nicole Goddard

A

first female soldier to be killed in battle in 2006

259
Q

Gender and the military

A
  • Women are nurturers - give life, help not trained to kill
    • Women face harm within their own ranks (sexual harassment)
260
Q

Most white women doesn’t see themselves as a minority

A

true

261
Q

Sexual violence is about sex

A

not entirely
- mostly about power

262
Q

Those in position of power often understand the extent of sexual harassment in their establishments

A

false
- they underestimate it

263
Q

Porn as a power issue

A
  • dehumanizing women
    • Encourage violence and contempt against women
264
Q

Structural Functional Theory of Gender (Parsons)

A

Sex-based division of labour in past societies
Gives men and women distinct roles that helps society run smoothly
brings women and men togetehr to form famileis

265
Q

Symbolic Interaction theory of gender

A

Everyday life (giving men more value)
- conversations - men set topics, women maintain eye contact
Reality construction
- women who marry young and are more feminine more likely to not keep their last name

266
Q

Social Conflict Theory of Gender (engels)

A

Gender as a structural system of power that creates division and tension
Surplus wealth passed on to male heirs (controlling women’s sexuality)
remaining virgins and build lives around man
Capitalism concentrates wealth further in hands of a few men

266
Q

Talcott Parson

A

saw gender in terms of complementary roles

267
Q

Marx’s work mostly talked about men

A

true
- friedrich engels knew the vibes

268
Q

Liberal Feminism

A

Accepts basic order of society
Seek to change, but only to ensure equality of opportunity
- individual change according to personal ability and effort

269
Q

Socialist Feminism (marx)

A

Capitalism increases patriarchy
Does not accept basic order of society
Want to end social classes and family gender roles that encourage “domestic slavery”
- collective change through socialist revolution

270
Q

Radical Feminism

A

Does not accept basic order of society
Want to end the family system
- collective change to eliminate gender

270
Q

Radical Feminism

A

Does not accept basic order of society
Want to end the family system
- collective change to eliminate gender

271
Q

Multicultural and Global feminism

A

intersectionality, understanding common themes

272
Q

Human capital model

A

Wage gaps and job disparities is because of individual choice (ie of women to stay home)

273
Q

Essentialism

A

gender differences are a product of naturally evolved dispositions

274
Q

Leaky Pipeline

A

Underrepresentation of women in STEM workforce

275
Q

Women get sicker
Men die quick

A

Women are more likely to admit being sick (weak sex)
Women lead higher stress lives (higher role accumulation)
Men do dangerous jobs, do stupid things, stubborn and tough

276
Q

Examples of things women have invented

A

agriculture and beer

277
Q

Reasons for income disparity

A

Types of jobs women do
Glass ceiling
Family penalty or bonus
Education
Discrimination

278
Q

Pink Ghetto

A

Feminization of poverty
Predominance of women in poorly paid occupations

279
Q

pay equity

A

payment received is based on value of job

280
Q

Feminist ideas

A

Importance of change (culture
Expanding human choice
Eliminated gender stratification
Ending violence against women
Promoting sexual autonomy

281
Q

Friedrich Engels on gender

A

Capitalism intensifies male domination
- Women need to be at home to “re energize” men in between work days

282
Q

Canada has an extensive national daycare program

A

no
and ofc this disproportionately affects women (primary caregivers)

283
Q

How to study gender ethically

A

Study it as a fluid system:
Looking at culture
Look at big institutions
Women AND men

284
Q

heterosexism

A

prejudice or discrimination against non straight ppl

285
Q

Homosexuality was seen as a mental illness before it was criminalized

A

false
- one it was decriminalized (in certain countries anyway) it was seen as a mental illness

286
Q

How would Erving Goffman suggest stigmatized groups go about their lives?

A

Passing - acting straight

287
Q

Paul Harfleet pansy project

A

Harfleet planted 250 pansies in London
1 pansy for every area a slur was aimed at him

288
Q

micro cultural changes for sexuality justice

A

Roles, interactions
-Language (using gay as a pejorative term)
- Pop Culture Landscape (representation)

289
Q

macro cultural changes for sexuality justice

A

Institutional
- Legalizing Gay Marriage
- Human Rights Protections
- Safe School Coalitions

290
Q

The active normalization of our collective conscience

A

Things so ingrained in culture (seeing something as permanent, natural, normal)
Changes what we see as normal and natural

291
Q

provincial divorce laws don’t hold on reserves for Indigenous peoples

A

true - risk of property loss after separation

292
Q

colonialism

A

Ethnic group forcibly placed under economic/political control of dominant group
Indigenous practices holds back industrialization

293
Q

Sixties scoop

A

Taking Indigeous children from home (kidnapping yikes)

294
Q

Microfiche

A

Nutritional experiments on children (giving some kids vitamins)
Indigenous kids treated as control group

295
Q

Sociologists say that more genetic variation within categories and not between them

A

true

296
Q

Environmental racism

A

If you are black in US you are more likely to live in areas of toxicity and waste
⅔ of reservations under water boil advisories
Less canopy cover

**Bureaucracy invisibilizes the problem

297
Q

Split labour market theory

A

“Good” jobs (need degrees) and “bad” jobs (precarious employment)
Division of the economy into primary & secondary sectors with the dominated having access to only the secondary sector

298
Q

John Porter

A

Book called “The Vertical Mosaic”
- ladder, whos at top, whos at bottom
Canada needs to go from vertical mosaic (ladder) to a cultural mosaic (based on merit)

299
Q

1988 Multiculturalism act

A

Enshrining the need to recognize all Canadians as full and equal partners in Canadian society

300
Q

How do minorities see assimilation

A

Avenue to upward social mobility and escape prejudice & discrimination

301
Q

Multiculturalism is predated on __________

A

pluralism

302
Q

pluralism

A

recognition that ethnic & racial minorities are distinct but have social parity

303
Q

Is Canada pluralistic under law?

A

Yes
but rise of white supremacist groups as minority population increases

304
Q

Diminishing of ethnic traits is called …

A

assimilation
- the melting pot

305
Q

Diminishing of racial traits is calle d

A

miscegenation/interracial marriage

306
Q

What is the most segregated group of ppl rn

A

Jews

307
Q

De jure segregation

A

by law
- internment camps WWI and WWII

308
Q

def acto segregation

A

concentration of different groups (though not by law)

309
Q

Nisga’a treaty

A

Self-government (can create laws on their language, family services, policing, property)
Resources - ownership of all forests and resources within their land)

310
Q

1st wave of Canada’s immigration

A

late
French

311
Q

2nd wave of Canada’s immigration

A
  • 1820 to 1890
    British from UK or America
312
Q

3rd wave of Canada’s immigration

A

1890 to 1920
“non preferred” europeans (europeans now see as white, but then seen as minorities)
- seen as enemy aliens during WWI (internment of Ukrainians)

313
Q

4th wave of Canada’s immigration

A

1940-1960
Post WWII
- low to middle income countries (many asian)
- economic immigration

314
Q

Economic immigration

A

preferred immigrants (certain skills and capital)

315
Q

Race

A

group who share biological features that members of a society deem socially significant
- Society tells us what to think about race

316
Q

Ethnicity

A

constructed from cultural traits

shared cultural heritage (common ancestry, language, religion)
more complex than race b/c many any ethnic backgrounds
- people will also play up or down cultural traits
Culture is malleable

317
Q

Characteristics of ethnic groups

A

Unique cultural traits
Sense of community
Sense of ethnocentrism
Ascribed membership (skin colour, geographic origins)
Territoriality (geography)

318
Q

2 important characteristics of minorities

A

Share a distinct identity (physical or cultural)
Experience subordination

319
Q

Visible minority

A

persons other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-white in race/colour

320
Q

Visible minorities are more likely to have higher university aspirations

A

true

321
Q

There is a trend of more euro-canadians than minorities in Canada

A

false
- minority population is increasing

322
Q

Where do visible minorities tend to live in canada

A

metropolitan areas

323
Q

Ulrich Beck

A

“Risk society”
Though we live in one of the safest points in history (in terms of health) we’re more anxious and detached than ever
- we see each other as a threat (globalization, individualization)
- no way out of it

324
Q

Prejudice

A

attitude
rigid and unfair generalisation about an entire category of people
- positive: exaggeration of people similar to us’ virtues
- negative: condemn those different from us

325
Q

Stereotype

A

simplified description applied to every person in some category

326
Q

Emory S. Bogardus

A

Social distance scale (experiment, analyzing patterns)
- how closely people are willing to interact with a category

327
Q

Discrimination

A

Unequal treatment of various categories of people
Positive - providing special advantages
Negative - creating obstacles

328
Q

Positive feedback loop of prejudice and discrimination

A

White people think they’re better so they project this through social inferiority, pushing minorities into low-paying jobs. White people interpret this as evidence that minorities don’t measure up

328
Q

Positive feedback loop of prejudice and discrimination

A

White people think they’re better so they project this through social inferiority, pushing minorities into low-paying jobs. White people interpret this as evidence that minorities don’t measure up

329
Q

Xenophobia

A

Hostility toward foreigners

329
Q

Who says that race is uniquely modern

A

Fredrickson
- racism as a way of though in 19th century (Europoean renaissance)

330
Q

There is a single source of prejudice

A

false
- the most important factor depends on time, history and place

331
Q

Scapegoat theory of race

A

blaming people for our problems (esp marginalized groups without power)
- doens’t improve the situation, just express anger

332
Q

Authoritarian/Personality theory of race

A

If you put authoritarian people in change (that don’t embrace diversity) this will fuel discrimination
- Theodor Adorono saw extreme prejudice trait belonging to only a select few
- come from childhood stuff (cold parents, little schooling)

333
Q

Cultural theory of race

A

some prejudice is found in everyone (part of culture)
Social distance scale

334
Q

Social conflict theory of race

A

There’s a good reason for maximising distance between us and them - power and exploitation
If you don’t challenge ethnocentricity:
- white privilege

335
Q

Polite racism

A

saying the right things in public

336
Q

Michael Walzer on toleration

A

its an openness to others
- don’t have to like the thing
- dislike its absence

Not him rlly - need to create and continually maintain inclusive social space

337
Q

Damon Tweedy

A

Black Man in a White Coat
Found that black patients didn’t want a black doctor
Internalized racism

338
Q

“Being black is bad for your health”

A

Access to healthcare - quality of care, mistrust of system
Living conditions

339
Q

Health immigrant effect

A

Immigrants are socialised into bad health

Immigrants thriving when they first come - but health decline after 10 years
Visible minorities in communities far away from health help
Stress

340
Q

Aspects of culture

A

Language
Medical cures
Religion
Child-rearing
Food
Folk-art
Celebrations
Manners

341
Q

2 reasons for Canada’s ageing population

A

Declining fertility rates (higher % of old people)
Declining morality

342
Q

Dependency-free life expectancy

A

number of years people in a given population can expect to live in good health with minor disabling health conditions

343
Q

Period between disease onset and dying is getting longer

A

false
- shorter
More and more are able to postpone age of onset chronic disability
We all going live real long full lives then die real quick

344
Q

Which generation was like hollup ageism is present honey

A

baby boomers

345
Q

Why were mandatory retirement plans created

A

there were lots of kids & workers
Gotta get the old people out of the way, free up working space for young people

346
Q

Limitations of data gathered about elderly abuse crimes (2)

A

sensitive crime - not reported (ie. out of shame)
conservative data (because not everyone reports)

347
Q

What makes gen z and millennials the “sandwech generation”

A

the ageining population (living longer)
- could be looking after 3 generations of people (kids, parents, grandparents)

348
Q

ageing is the physical process of getting older

A

false
- also psychological and social processes associated with it

349
Q

Evaluating age: Chronologically

A

How old are you

350
Q

Evaluating age: Functionally

A

physical abilities (we peak at 20)

351
Q

Evaluating age: Spiritually

A

GETS IGNORED THE MOST
attitude toward life (personality, self, socialization)
flexibility

352
Q

Gerontology

A

the study of ageing

353
Q

What age groups are most discriminated against

A

younger and older

354
Q

Myths of senior citizens

A

unproductive
- volunteer, politicians, childcare
Disengaged
- commenting online, high voter turnout
Inflexible
Senile

355
Q

Elders vs Elderly

A

prestigious vs perjorative

356
Q

Biggest challenge of growing old

A

Retirement
- disconnection from family AND work
- what is my purpose
- i have no income now

357
Q

Functionalist analysis of ageing

A

Taking on the role of your age (passing on knowledge)
Disengagement theory
- detach from previous roles, prepare for death by adopting new roles (we take on death role later, but start thinking about death at bout 30)

358
Q

Conflict theory of ageing

A

Abuse, marginalization
Representation of ages - ads showing young people at best, old people at worst

359
Q

Interactionist theory of ageing

A

Presentation of self - redefining what being a senior means (baby boomers)

360
Q

Where does a cultural norm come from?

A

Abstraction - the idea
Cooperative behavior - all agree on idea
Institutions - giving it physical reality

361
Q

constraining

A

feeling the influence of societal roles and structures
- good: expectation of going to uni
- bad: oppressive gender roles

362
Q

What in canada has made sex a matter of freedom and choice

A
  • individualism and privatization
363
Q

Women have more sexual partners

A

false

364
Q

Sexual revolution (Alfred Kinsey)

A

in the 60s (do it if it feels good) - baby boomers
- birth control pill
Roaring 20s
living apart from families, meeting new people at work
Kinsey wrote a book revealing the unconventionality of sexuality (unexpected and outrageous)

365
Q

the sexual revolution was of greatest significance for men

A

false (women)
- historically subjected to greater sexual regulation

366
Q

Sexual counterrevolution

A

conservative call for return to family values
- limiting of sexual partners (not necessarily b/c of the conservative ideas, could be b/c of STI concerns)

367
Q

Sexual activity in high school students has gone up

A

false
- gone down (do it later than previous generation)
- more people having oral sex
Abstinence choice still in minority

368
Q

What category has the most sex

A

married people (with their partners)
and then young adults

369
Q

Men have more affairs

A

true
- and its higher in older groups

370
Q

“real” men had homosexual relations in ancient greek

A

true
upper-class men - considered homosexuality highest form of relationship (women inferior)

371
Q

Gay marriage became legalized in 2010 in Canada

A

no
2003

372
Q

Kessler and McKenna on Transgenderism

A

Transgender as synonymous with transsexual (want to change sex)
Transgender as dinstinct from transsexual (without changing sex characteristics)
Transgender as distinct from transsexual (leaving behind binary gender system)

373
Q

whos most likely to a have an unplanned pregnancy (esp when teenage?)

A

Lower level of parental education & income
Non both biological parent relationship
Rural teens (less access to reproductive care)

374
Q

_______ has one of the highest teen pregnancy rates of high income countries

A

US

375
Q

Sexual revolution raised teen pregnancy levels

A

false (did not)
- rate was already high because people married young

376
Q

what is considered the worlds oldest profession

A

prostitution
- selling of sexual services

377
Q

Women are more likely to think that prostitution should be legal

A

false
- men

378
Q

Prostitution is more common _____ income countries

A

low
- strong patriarchy (women limited in work options)
- high risk of STIs and abuse

379
Q

Canada’s Bill C-36

A
  • criminalizing of buying sex (to “protect” sex workers)
    - but stigmatizes and increases danger
380
Q

What is the legality state of Prostitution in Canada

A

smi-illegal
- pushed underground (not rlly illegal)
- don’t get same benefits and rights as others

381
Q

Hierarchy of sex workers (weitzer)

A

Call girls (Educated, attractive, rich)
Escort agency workers (high fees, agency employed)
Brothel employees (less choice about clients)
Streetwalkers (Indigenous women and drug users at high risk)

382
Q

______ people tend to end up in sex work

A

gay - after being rejected by community

383
Q

There has been an increase in hookup culture

A

true
- people getting married later

384
Q

______ and ______ make up disproportionate share of sexual assault victims

A

women and children

385
Q

Psychological scars get more serious the ______ the rape victim

A

younger

386
Q

Functionalist theory of sexuality

A

Regulating sexuality (when and whom)
Purpose of sexuality (reproduction to intimacy to recreation to work)

387
Q

problems with Functionalist theory of sexuality

A

ignores gender (davis’ analysis of prostitution focusses on benefits to men)

388
Q

interactionist theory of sexuality

A

Changing importance of virginity
- weakened as society separates sex from reproduction (ie. with birth control)
teaching sex ed younger and younger
feelings towards sexual orientation vary from culture to culture

389
Q

social-conflict theory of sexuality

A

Uneven enforcement of prostitution
- men now more likely to be arrested, used to be women
defining those with less power in terms of their sexuality (devalues them)
Difference in access to abortion

390
Q

the lower the economic development of a country the ________ the abortion rate

A

higher
- but unsafe abortions

391
Q

culture

A

ways of thinking, acting and material objects that form a people’s way of life

392
Q

nonmaterial culture

A

ideas created by members of a society (ie art)

393
Q

Material culture

A

physical things created by members of a society

394
Q

values in canada vs japan

A

canada - individualism
japan - collective harmony

395
Q

Culture shock is a one way process

A

false
- travellers experience and inflict it

396
Q

Humans are the one animal that rely on _________ not instinct to survive

A

culture
- product of evolution (replacing instincts with culture)

397
Q

Why are languages decreasing

A

globalization, high tech communication, increasing international migration, expanding economy

398
Q

largest set of symbols

A

language
- shapes reality (Sapir and Whorf)
- cultural transmission (connection with time)

399
Q

Values vs beliefs vs ideology

A

values: abstract goodness standard
beliefs: specific matters
ideology - deeply engrained beliefs about societal norms

400
Q

if you want to stay in charge you subscribe to ideology

A

hegemony
- cultural hegemony (Gramsci)

401
Q

higher income countries are more tolerant of others who are different from themselves

A

true

402
Q

Sumner (3 types of norms)

A

Folkways (norms for casual interaction)
Mores (widely observed, morally significant norms)
Laws (most well defined norms)

403
Q

We gain capacity to evaluate our behavior as we learn _________

A

cultural norms

404
Q

Canadian example of how material culture reflects underlying cultural values

A

Independence
- we have so many cars (more than 1 for every licensed driver)

405
Q

Agriculture (society)

A

animal power energy (plow)
replacing barter system with money
Expansion of human choice
Increase in social inequality and diversity

406
Q

Industrial society

A

production of things
pushing aside family centred agraian values (large factory work under stranger supervision)
reducing of economic inequality

407
Q

Primary sector in industry

A

drawing raw materials form natural environment
- low income nations

408
Q

secondary sector in industry

A

transforming raw materials into manufacture goods
- low and high income nations

409
Q

tertiary sector in industry

A

production of services rather than goods

410
Q

Post-industrial/information technology society

A

production of info/ideas
- learning to work with symbols

411
Q

Capitalism vs socialism

A

Cap (private ownership or property & pursuit of profit)
- greater income inequality
- freedom to act accoridng to self inetrest
- greater consumer choice

Soci - collective ownership of property through government control
- less income inequality
- freedom from basic want
- greater social safety net

412
Q

Subculture

A

patterns that set apart a segment of s population
- groups of people that influecne what we see as dominant and maintsretam

413
Q

What are criticisms of multiculturalism

A
  • encourages divisiveness not unity (identifying with nation)
  • erodes claims of universal truth
  • doubt it can help minorities (depoliticizing the problem)
414
Q

counterculture

A

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society (ie. hippies

415
Q

cultural integration

A

close relationship of various elements of a cultural system

416
Q

cultural lag

A

some cultural element changes more quickly than others
Material culture usually changes faster than nonmaterial culture

417
Q

causes of cultural change (3) what is greatest rn

A

invention - new ideas
discovery - understanding something in existance
diffusion (spreading traits) - greatest rn with tech

418
Q

We should have no ethnocentrism

A

nah - we should have to some degree to be emotionally attached to our way of life

419
Q

Cultural relativism

A

judging a culture by its own standards

420
Q

Functionalist theory of culture

A

cultural patterns are rooted in a society’s core values and beliefs

421
Q

Social conflict/feminist theory of culture

A

dominant cultural values serves interests of elite
capitalism teaches us that the rich and powerful serve their wealth and that its natural
Feminist - cultural conflict is rooted in gender (male is more important)

422
Q

How is culture a constraint

A
  • habit (limits choices)
  • competition (isolation)
  • material possesions > relatiopnships
423
Q

how is culture freedom

A

forces us to make choices as we make and reshape the world for ourselves (to meet our needs)

424
Q

Pop culture change is generational

A

true

425
Q

pop culture emerges when there is growth in: (4)

A

affluence (discretionary income)
industrial development (mass media)
leisure time
middle class (masses, spending money)

426
Q

4 defining traits of social change

A

happens all the time (though at different paces)
sometimes intentional, often unplanned
contraversial
some changes matter more than others

427
Q

Conflict and change (marx)

A

class conflict drives societies from era to era (in order to improve life of working class)
- struggle b/w capitalists and workers pushes society toward socialism

428
Q

ideas and change (weber)

A

change comes from ideas
- protestant work ethic from west europe = industrial capitalism

429
Q

temporary gathering of people, share common focus of attention & influence each other

A

crowd
- fairly new thing

430
Q

highly emotional crowd that pursues a violent or destructive goal

A

mob
- lynching

431
Q

social eruptions that is highly emotional, violent and undirected

A

riot
- social justice
- power for ordinary people

432
Q

social patterns favoured by a large number of people

A

fashion
- stay around long than fads (reflect individuality and sexual attractiveness)

433
Q

unconventional social pattern, people embrace briefly, enthusiastically

A

fad/craze
- common in high income countries (more income to spend)

434
Q

What is a social movemnet classified by

A

who is changed
how much is changed

435
Q

alterative social movement

A

limited change, little population

436
Q

redemptive social movement

A

radical change
little population

437
Q

reformative social movement

A

limited change
big population

438
Q

revolutionary social movement

A

radical change
big population

439
Q

claims making

A

trying to convince public of the importance of a social issue

440
Q

Explaining social movements: deprivation theory

A

group feels deprived of something

441
Q

Explaining social movements: mass society theory

A

social movements attract isolated people

442
Q

Explaining social movements: culture theory

A

mobilization needs a shared understanding of symbols and injustice

443
Q

Explaining social movements: resource mobilisation theory

A

social movements need resources

444
Q

Explaining social movements: political economy theory (marx)

A

opposition to capitalism
- success based on unifying of dissenting groups (not resources)

445
Q

Explaining social movements: new social movements theory

A

non unified, leaderless, raise awareness on large social issues

446
Q

4 stages in social movements

A

Emergence (idea)
Coalesce (how to get attention)
Bureaucracy (resources and members)
Decline

447
Q

Erikson on social damage

A

its more serious when the event involves toxic substance and are caused by actions of people
- feeling poisoned by something you feel you don’t have control over - bikini island bomb)

448
Q

Who believes in “others will do us no harm” as a social life foundation

A

Erikson
- harm causes survivors to lose trust in others

449
Q

Functionalist theory of modernity (tonnies, durkheim, weber)

A
  • modernity defined by the mass scale of life now (isolation, moral uncertainty)
    - growth of bureaucracy (weber)
  • expanding state - todays leaders having more power than old monarchs
450
Q

Conflict theory of modernity

A
  • modernity as a class society (capitalism pronoucning social stratification)
    - capitalists hold all power (control economy)
  • capitalism as solution to everything
  • naked self interest loosens social ties (marx)
451
Q

people suffer from alienattion and powerlessness, not ________ like ________ thought

A

anomie, Durkheim

452
Q

most canadians want an egalitarian society

A

no
- prefer a system that reflects personal differences in talent and effort

453
Q

Douglas Coupland

A

option paralysis
- giving up making a choice

454
Q

David Riesman on modernization

A

it changes social character
- “other directed” (seeking approval, imitation of others, openness to trends)
- identity marked by superficiality & inconsistency
- normalization of shiftiness in personality to fit in anywhere (shady in traditional societies)

455
Q

Mass society says people suffer from too much _______

A

freedom

456
Q

Marcuse on science and technology

A

science and technology causes worlds problems (esp being in the hands of select few)
he condemned modern society as irrational.

457
Q

Whos definition of power is “ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others”

A

Weber

458
Q

What does weber say about the longetivity of a brute force government

A

not likely to keep power for long (there isn’t enough police)

459
Q

Modern authority

A

Rational legal authority
bureaucratic (laws)
- tied to offices/governments (PM)

460
Q

pre-industrial authority (traditional)

A

power legitimized by respect for long standing tradition
- viewing rulers as godlike
- monarchs passing power to heirs

461
Q

Charismatic authority

A

power legitimised by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience (not ancestry)
- want to radically change society (Jesus, Hitler, Gandhi)
- controversial
- doesn’t last

462
Q

Monarchy found in ________

A

agrarianism/societies yet to industrialize

463
Q

absolute monarch

A

power based on divine right (Saudi Arabia)
- has absolute power

464
Q

Constitutional monarchy

A

Monarchs a symbol (reign), officials (voted in) rule
- european societies

465
Q

Industrialization 🤝democracy

A

they both require a literate population

466
Q

reasons we don’t rlly have democracy

A
  • extenstive bureaucracy (not all have to answer to the people)
  • Money talks
  • political leaders are rich and are privileged in education (law)
  • wealth elite dominate political life
467
Q

Can economic equality and political liberty go together?

A

idk

468
Q

Soft authoritarianism

A

limited political freedom but secure and prosperous
- singapore

469
Q

most intensely controlled society rule by _______ government

A

totalitarian (fascist germany and communisim)

470
Q

How is canada a totalitarian democracy

A

defending of market values b/c we need them to meet our needs, preventing opposition to capitalism itself

471
Q

How did information revolution change nation politics

A

moved them onto world stage (with media)

472
Q

Canada is a welfare state

A

jaz
- providing benefits to population
not as big as scandinavian queens

473
Q

________ most likely to vote liberally

A

immigrants, visible minorities, muslims, catholics, athiests and women

474
Q

_______ most likely to vote conservative

A

jews and protestants

475
Q

Party identification is strong in Canada

A

false
- quite weak

476
Q

Why do special interest groups flourish in Canada

A

low political party loyalty
more employment of lobbyists

477
Q

Canadians are voting now more than ever

A

false
- less likely to vote compared to a century ago

478
Q

Who’s least likely to vote

A

women, visible minorities, esp indigenous peoples
Unemployed
non homeowners
younger people

479
Q

Reasons for not voting

A

disability
religious beliefs
forgot
illness
illiteracy

480
Q

how do conservatives explain voter abstention

A

people are content with how things are
- indifferent to politics

481
Q

how do liberals explain voter abstention

A

reflects alienation
reflects doubt that elections will make a difference
- powerless and disadvataged least liekly to viote

482
Q

Prisoners can’t vote in Canada

A

false
they can

483
Q

Prisoners can’t vote in Canada

A

false
they can

484
Q

Black people make up large proprtion of incarcerated in canada

A

true

485
Q

the politcal motivation of preventing prisoners from voting

A

criminals are often from lower classes that support left-leaning parties

486
Q

Pluralist model of democracy

A

functionalist
power is spread (all have some voice)
Canada a democracy because of this

487
Q

power-elite model of democracy (CW mills)

A

a few rule and can’t be challenged
concentration of power (economy, government, military)
Canada isn’t a democracy b/c power is concentrated and mutes average voices

488
Q

Marxist model of democracy

A

power is directed by the operation of the capitalist economy
Canada not a democracy b/c capitalism favours the few

489
Q

aim of political revolution is to turn system into a completely new one

A

true
- but historically never a specific one

490
Q

4 charactertics of revolutions

A

rising expectations
unresponsive government (won’t reform itself)
radical leadership by intellectuals
estbalishing new legitmacy

491
Q

revolutions happens when peoples lives are getting worse

A

false
- when they are improving

492
Q

Hobbes says ______ are the centre of reovlution

A

universiteis

493
Q

Terrosism is strong against a weak enemy

A

false
- weak against strong enemy
- political strategy

494
Q

4 characteristics of terrorism

A

painting violence as a legitmate political tactic
used by governments on own people
Democractic societies are most vulnerable (less police networks)
Terrorism is a matter of definition

495
Q

slippery slope of taking action against terrorists

A
  • groups often don’t have connection to a state (may risk confrontation with another government)
  • not responding encourages other groups
496
Q

Governments usually have to force people to go to war

A

true

497
Q

5 factors that promote war (Quincy Wright)

A

perceived threats
social problems (scapegoating of frusteration externally)
Political objectives (increase global standing, end foreign domination)
Moral objectives (frame enemy as evil tyrant)
Absence of alternatives

498
Q

How is terrorism a new kind of war

A

in war parties are known to each, objectives are clear
- not with terrorism
- small number of attackers

499
Q

Military industrial complex

A

close association of federal government with defence industries

500
Q

framing of news according to politics

A

Critical of war - reported slow pace of conflict to increase pressure to end war
Supportive of war - report rapid pace of war, downplay harm to civilians

501
Q

4 ways of pursuing peace

A

deterrence (arms race)
High tech defense (installations to destroy missiles)
disarmement (reducing weapons)
Resolving underlying conlifct (poverty and hunger)

502
Q

Countries with welfare capitalism

A

sweden and denmark

503
Q

countries with state capitalism

A

japan and south korea

504
Q

Americans are becoming less patriarchal

A

false
- more and more

505
Q

Canadians are more liekly to boast about _______ and Americans ________

A

experiences
Things

506
Q

Power elite are solitary rulers

A

false
- below them are politicians of middle levels of power (congress) and celebrities

507
Q

CW mills says that no one is inherently celebrated or powerful in their personality

A

true

508
Q

Three types of societies when it comes to views on cross-gender behaviour

A

approving
disapproving (often of males)
Neither outlawed or encouraged
- more on the end of discourage

509
Q

Life-fate of modern individual depends _______ upon corporation they spend most alert hours of best years
CW mills

A

increasingly

510
Q

How does CW mills say rich families are closely connected

A

legally and magerially

511
Q

Who thinks that if voting made any difference it would be illegal

A

Daniel Berrigan (modern MLKJ)

512
Q

The purpose of modern music according to theodore adorno

A

provide relief and distraction from grind of everyday life
- don’t think (like classical music), just enjoy

513
Q

the commodification of music (Adorno)

A

mid 20th century
became a consumer product (about the profit)
- emergance of rrecord comparnies

514
Q

Quotation listening (adorno)

A

Ear candy music
- repeating over and over

515
Q

How are songs symbols

A

the meaning and “good” or “bad” we attach to it is based on our experiences (not about the song’s merit)
- limits our capacity to critically engage in what we’re listening to

516
Q

Power must be seen as ______

A

legitimate
- power is therefore a social relationship

517
Q

How does weber say power is legitmized in a society

A

through rules (rational legal authority)

518
Q

Category of homosexuals appeared

A

about a century ago

519
Q

According to the Davis and Moore thesis, more highly rewarded jobs tend to be those that ______

A

demand scarce talents and also extensive and expensive training

520
Q

According to Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore, some form of social stratification has been found in every known society.

A

true

521
Q

According to Weber, the most important dimension of difference between people in industrial societies is:

A

class or economic inequality

522
Q

Which factors did Karl Marx believe should form the basis of the rewards given to people in a society?

A

need and social class

523
Q

Which theory might say that minorities are often blamed for the troubles of others because they are “safe targets”?

A

scape goat theory

524
Q

The theory that powerful people use prejudice to justify their oppression of minorities is called ____________ theory.

A

conflict

525
Q

Which concept refers to society placing men and women at different social levels?

A

gender stratification

526
Q

Men are _______ times more likely than women to be victims of homicide.

A

3

527
Q

Biological codes that guide physical development are called __________________.

A

chromosomes

528
Q

Which characteristic do middle- and low-income countries have in common?

A

Both kinds of countries have considerable social inequality, with a few rich
but many poor

529
Q

Political conservatives claim that society _________.

A

Can never completely limit people from realizing their dreams

530
Q

A clinical sociologist would most likely work to improve clients’ lives by focusing on ________.

A

difficulties in social relationships

531
Q

As human beings, our nature is to nurture

A

true

532
Q

Looking at consumption patterns alone may not give enough info to gain
a full picture of socioeconomic status or class

A

true
- porter

533
Q

society constructs race as real, different, and unequal in ways that matter to economic, political, and social life is known as ….

A

racialization
- whiteness seen as normative

534
Q

lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group.

A

anomie
- durkheim

535
Q

The beliefs held by members of the Catholic faith, the philosophy of Confucianism, and the requirements for graduation from college are all examples of __________.

A

non material culture

536
Q

Technology is defined as __________.

A

knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings

537
Q

Verstehen

A

interpretive sociology

538
Q

Which sociologist highlighted the power of technology to shape society?

A

Gerhard Lenski

539
Q

At what point did a dramatic increase in inequality occur?

A

discovery of agriculture

540
Q

The fact that travellers throughout the world now find similar patterns of dress, familiar corporate advertising, and the same popular music in cities as far apart as Seoul, Cairo, London, Madras, New York City, and Mexico City indicates the emergence of a(n) __________.

A

global culture

541
Q

What kind of sociological approach is this statement
In a capitalist society, people learn to define personal happiness in terms of material possessions.

A

social conflict

542
Q

Competitive achievement promotes excellence, but it causes __________.

A

isolation from others

543
Q

The readings in this chapter suggest that one fairly accurate way to estimate the number of cultures in Canada is to ___________.

A

count the number of languages spoken in Canada

544
Q

Collective consicnece (norms and values) person

A

Durkheim

SOCI 101 (3 decks)

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