Soci-381-8

Question 1

Enfranchisement Policy

Answer 1

Required Indigenous individuals to give up their Indian status to vote, join the military, become a lawyer, clergy, or doctor, or earn a university degree (Moss, 1990).
Aim: To assimilate First Nations people into Euro-Canadian culture and remove the Crown’s obligation to provide services and resources (Moss, 1990).

Question 2

Required Indigenous individuals to give up their Indian status to vote, join the military, become a lawyer, clergy, or doctor, or earn a university degree (Moss, 1990).
Aim: To assimilate First Nations people into Euro-Canadian culture and remove the Crown’s obligation to provide services and resources (Moss, 1990).

Answer 2

Enfranchisement Policy

Question 3

Identity Control of First Nations Women Enfranchisement

Answer 3

Before 1985, Section 12(1)(B) stated that First Nations women would lose their Indian status if they married a non-Indian man, while non-Indian women who married Indian men gained status (Cannon, 2006).
Section 6 also removed the legal status of women’s children but not of men’s children if married to non-Indian women (Cannon, 2006).
Patriarchal structure of kinship determined a woman’s identity by her husband’s status (Cannon, 2006).
-When a woman was enfranchised, as with any enfranchised Indian, she was not provided with compensation or support, nor could she be guaranteed access to her community of origin since her band membership would have been removed as well. Essentially, she lost her (https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/indian_status/#:~:text=When%20a%20woman%20was%20enfranchised,she%20lost%20her%20Indian%20rights.)

Question 4

Contemporary Revisions to Enfranchisement

Answer 4

Bill C-31 (1985) allowed First Nations women to regain Indian status lost through marriage to a non-First Nations man (Robson, 1991).
Enfranchisement elimination in 1985 ended the stripping of status from First Nations people.
Despite amendments, the Indian Act remains structurally racist, though some policies protect First Nations rights (Long, Bear, & Boldt, 1982; de Leeuw, Kobayashi, & Cameron, 2011).

Question 5

Residential Schools System

Answer 5

Residential Schools System

Establishment and Operation

Residential schools established in 1880 were off-reserve, government-funded, and church-run (MacDonald & Hudson, 2012).
Aimed to “kill the Indian in the child” by aggressively assimilating Indigenous children (Miller, 2004).

Conditions and Practices

Children were forced to attend from ages five to sixteen, often far from their families (Miller, 2004; Milloy, 1996).
Prohibited from speaking their languages or using their given names (Nagy & Sehdev, 2012).
Experienced neglect, abuse, poor diets, and exposure to diseases like tuberculosis (MacDonald & Hudson, 2012).
Training focused on menial jobs, limiting future socio-economic opportunities (Deiter, 1999; Friesen & Friesen, 2002).

Long-term Consequences

Social isolation, cultural trauma, and internal racism led to negative coping strategies, such as substance abuse, violence, and mental health issues (Nagy & Sehdev, 2012).
Trauma from residential schools has been passed through generations, causing lasting damage to Indigenous communities (Fournier & Crey, 1997; Furniss, 1992; Gagné, 1998).

Question 6

Justice System

Answer 6

Over-Representation and Discrimination

Indigenous offenders more likely to receive imprisonment sentences (Dylan, Regehr, & Alaggia, 2008).
Indigenous peoples are the most over-represented group in the Canadian criminal justice system (Martel & Brassard, 2008; Statistics Canada, 2012).
Racial profiling and ‘over-policing’ in Indigenous communities have strained relations with the justice system (Furniss, 2001; Proulx, 2000).

Impact on Victims

Authorities often question the credibility of Indigenous victims, leading to inadequate support (McGlade, 2010).
Perception that the justice system is unfair contributes to distrust among Indigenous people.

Question 7

Health Care System

Answer 7

Compulsory sterilization in Canada has a documented history in the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia. It is still ongoing as in 2017, sixty Indigenous women in Saskatchewan sued the provincial government, claiming they had been forced to accept sterilization before seeing their newborn babies.- Wiki
Discrimination in Treatment

Indigenous people face longer wait times, fewer referrals, and disrespectful treatment (Narine, 2013; Vukic, Jesty, Mathews, & Etowa, 2012).
Actions by service providers often demean or disempower Indigenous cultural identity (Brown, 2009).

Health Outcomes

Emotional and social harm, loss of trust in the health care system.
Reduced utilization of critical health services, leading to poorer health outcomes, higher disease burden, and shorter life expectancy (Loppie Reading, & Barlow, 2009; Loppie Reading & Wien, 2009).

Question 8

Long-Term Consequences for Aboriginal Communities

Answer 8

Trauma and Mental Health

Historical and contemporary trauma, including loss of land, governance, and marginalization, dramatically affect mental health (Haskell & Randall, 2009).
Generational trauma from residential schools and other injustices causes ongoing psychological and social issues (Gee & Ford, 2011).

Distrust in Institutions

Experiences of racism in justice and health care systems lead to mistrust and underutilization of these services (Chrismas, 2012; Loppie Reading & Wien, 2009).

Socio-Economic Disparities

Structural racism has created and perpetuated socio-economic disparities, hindering opportunities for self-determination and prosperity among Indigenous communities.