soci 301 quiz1+2 Flashcards
Versethen
understanding action from the subject’s POV, empathetic research
Qualitative
non-numerical explanations/representations of observations to understand underlying meanings
Causal relationship
Cause and effect (not a proof)
Reflexivity
analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and effect on, our research
Macro-structural focus
Social structures and institutions (educational systems, economy)
Micro-interactionalist focus
Small groups, individuals
Scientific Method
Ask a Question
Do Background Research
Construct a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
Communicate Your Results
Independent Variables
Variables that are presumed to cause/determine/influence a dependent variable (taken as “given”)
Dependent Variables
The variable of interest, presumed to depend on or be caused by the independent variable
Survey
A large-scale sample of populations (can be qualitative or quantitative)
Interviews
Qualitative research method in which the researcher can go in-depth about the topic of interest
Ethnography
Focused research on small groups of individuals; detailed, qualitative observations (in-depth interviews, participant observation)
How does scientific paradigm shift?
Normal science
Model Drift (disagreement, discourse)
Model Crisis (contest to what’s normative)
Model Revolution (clash, new ideas, theory, models)
Paradigm Change
Functionalism
separate parts that contribute to the whole, if one part doesn’t work, the rest doesn’t
Conflict theory
inequality is used as a mechanism of oppressive social control; in ameliorating these qualities, they will cease to exist
Symbolic interactionism
a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions; subjective meanings are assigned to the topics/subjects that are being studied
critical race theory
the study of the relationship among race, racism, and power; institutional racism is a fundamental attribute of American society
queer theory
a body of research that challenges the heterosexual bias in U.S. society
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Research study conducted by a branch of the U.S. government, lasting for roughly 50 years (ending in the 1970s), in which a sample of African American men diagnosed with syphilis were deliberately left untreated, without their knowledge, to learn about the lifetime course of the disease.
Milgram Obedience Studies
Done in 1960s. Subjects administered shocks of increasing voltage for wrong answers. Milgram predicted that most people would stop giving shocks once the “learner” started feeling pain. Predictions were wrong and 65% of the subjects delivered full course of shocks.
Tearoom Trade Study
1970 The study is an analysis of homosexual acts taking place in public toilets. Humphreys asserted that the men participating in such activity came from diverse social backgrounds, had differing personal motives for seeking homosexual contact in such venues, and variously self-perceived as “straight,” “bisexual,” or “gay.” Because the researcher misrepresented his identity and intent and because the privacy of the subjects was infringed during the study, Tearoom Trade has caused a major debate on privacy for research participants and is now often used as an example of highly controversial social research.
Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment
Done at Stanford; assigned a group of students to play either the role of prison guard or prisoner; prisoners were locked up in the basement of the psychology building, and the guards were put in charge of their treatment - students took their assigned roles perhaps too well, and the experiment had to be ended early because of the cruel treatment the guards were inflicting on the prisoners
Project MKUltra
Series of experiments illegally conducted by the CIA on American citizens involving drugs, psychological torture, and attempts at mind control.
Nuremberg Code
ethical code of conduct for research that uses human subjects
Nation Research Acts of 1974
a research ethics code emphasizing respect, beneficence, and justice for participants
Instituional Review Board (IRB)
group that has been formally designated to review and monitor biomedical research involving human subjects. Has the authority to approve, require modifications in, or disapprove research. This group review serves an important role in the protection of the rights and welfare of human research subjects.
